Introduction to Polymer Rheology
1. Edition January 2012
416 Pages, Hardcover
Wiley & Sons Ltd
Short Description
Providing new students and practitioners with an easy-to-understand introduction to the theory and practice an often complicated subject, Introduction to Polymer Rheology incorporates worked problems and problems with appended answers to provide opportunities for review and further learning of more advanced concepts. By limiting the use of mathematics within an approachable format, this introductory overview ensures practicing scientists and engineers understand the concepts underlying the flow behavior of polymer melts, solutions, and suspensions, and are able to interpret experimental data correctly and provide additional insight on a process.
Providing new students and practitioners with an easy-to-understand introduction to the theory and practice an often complicated subject, Introduction to Polymer Rheology incorporates worked problems and problems with appended answers to provide opportunities for review and further learning of more advanced concepts. By limiting the use of mathematics within an approachable format, this introductory overview ensures practicing scientists and engineers understand the concepts underlying the flow behavior of polymer melts, solutions, and suspensions, and are able to interpret experimental data correctly and provide additional insight on a process.
A. Polymers and the importance of rheology
B. Rheology in its simplest form
Problems
Suggested references, with commentary
2. STRESS
A. Stress and pressure
B. Organization of the stress components
C. Coping with subscripts
D. Typical stress tensors
Appendix 2-1: Compilation of equations of motion (ssc)
Appendix 2-2: Equations of motion--curvilinear quick list (ssc)
Problems
References
3. VELOCITY, VELOCITY GRADIENT AND RATE OF DEFORMATION
A. Why velocity is simpler than location--Speedometers vs. GPS
B. Velocity gradients
C. Rate of deformation
Appendix 3-1: Components of the rate-of-deformation tensor
Appendix 3-2: Components of the continuity equation
Appendix 3-3: Nomenclature and sign conventions used in popular rheology texts
Problems
References
4. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRESS AND RATE OF DEFORMATION: THE NEWTONIAN FLUID
A Material idealizations in rheology
B. The Newtonian fluid
Problems
References
5. GENERALIZED NEWTONIAN FLUIDS -- A SMALL BUT IMPORTANT STEP TOWARD A DESCRIPTION OF REAL BEHAVIOR FOR POLYMERS
A. Reasons for inventing generalized Newtonian fluids -- behavior of polymer melts
B. Generalizing the GNF to three dimensions
C. Inventing relationships for viscosity vs. shear rate
D. Short primer on finding GNF parameters from data
E. Summary of GNF characteristics
Appendix 5-1: Fitting data with Excel
Problems
References
6. NORMAL STRESSES--ORDINARY BEHAVIOR FOR POLYMERS
A. Introduction
B. What are normal stresses
C. Origin of normal stresses in simple shear
D. The second normal-stress difference
E. Normal-stress coefficients and empirical findings
F. Transient rheological functions
D. Temperature effects and superposition of steady-flow data
Problems
References
7. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
A. Measurement of viscosity
B. Normal stresses from shearing flows
C. Extensional rheology
D. Specialized geometries
E. Flow visualization and other rheo-optical methods
F. Micro and nano rheology
Appendix 7-1: Numerical derivatives
Appendix 7-2: Velocity-profile correction for non-Newtonian fluids
Appendix 7-3: Incorporation of slip into the velocity-profile correction-- the Mooney correction
Appendix 7-4: Normal stresses using the cone-and-plate geometry
Appendix 7-5: Desktop rheo-optical experiment
Problems
References
8. STRAIN, SMALL AND LARGE
A. Displacement
B. Infinitesimal strain
C. Hookean solids
D. Finite strain
E. The Lodge elastic fluid and variants
F. The Cauchy strain measure
G. Fixing up integral equations based on C and C-1
Appendix 8-1: The relaxation function
Appendix 8-2: Constant-rate extension of the LEF
Problems
References
9. MOLECULAR ORIGINS OF RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR
A. Description of polymer molecules
B. The Rouse chain--a limited description of polymer behavior
C. Other chain-like models
D. Dealing with entanglements
E. Summary of predictions of molecular theory
Problems
References
10. ELEMENTARY POLYMER PROCESSING CONCEPTS
A. Simple laboratory processing methods
B. Elementary extrusion concepts
C. A downstream process--spinning
D. Summary
Appendix 10-1: Densities of melts at elevated temperatures
Problems
References
11. QUALITY-CONTROL RHEOLOGY
A. Examples of methods used by various industries
B. Test precision
Appendix 11-1: ASTM tests methods for rheological characterization
Problems
References
12. FLOW OF MODIFIED POLYMERS AND POLYMERS WITH SUPERMOLECULAR STRUCTURE
A. Polymers filled with particulates
B. Liquid crystallinity and rheology
C. Polymers with microphase separation in melts or solutions
D. Covalent crosslinking of polymers
Appendix 12-1: Van 't Hoff equation applied to gelation
Problems
References
ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS
