Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits
Wiley Series in Microwave and Optical Engineering (Series Nr. 1)
2. Edition April 2012
752 Pages, Hardcover
Professional Book
ISBN:
978-0-470-48412-8
John Wiley & Sons
Short Description
Optical communication technology, like diode lasers used in optical storage devices, is vital to the optoelectronics industry. Since the first edition, Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits presents up-to-date information on optical communication technology principles and theories. By expanding the appendices, at least twenty-five percent of new information is added on topics like quantum-dot issues. As the only book on diode lasers, this resource, which includes examples, end-of-the-chapter homework problems, and a solution manual, is essential for students and engineers in comprehending optical communication technology.
Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits, Second Edition provides a comprehensive treatment of optical communication technology, its principles and theory, treating students as well as experienced engineers to an in-depth exploration of this field. Diode lasers are still of significant importance in the areas of optical communication, storage, and sensing. Using the the same well received theoretical foundations of the first edition, the Second Edition now introduces timely updates in the technology and in focus of the book. After 15 years of development in the field, this book will offer brand new and updated material on GaN-based and quantum-dot lasers, photonic IC technology, detectors, modulators and SOAs, DVDs and storage, eye diagrams and BER concepts, and DFB lasers. Appendices will also be expanded to include quantum-dot issues and more on the relation between spontaneous emission and gain.
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xxi
List of Fundamental Constants xxiii
1 Ingredients 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Energy Levels and Bands in Solids 5
1.3 Spontaneous and Stimulated Transitions: The Creation of Light 7
1.4 Transverse Confinement of Carriers and Photons in Diode Lasers: The Double Heterostructure 10
1.5 Semiconductor Materials for Diode Lasers 13
1.6 Epitaxial Growth Technology 20
1.7 Lateral Confinement of Current, Carriers, and Photons for Practical Lasers 24
1.8 Practical Laser Examples 31
References 39
Reading List 40
Problems 40
2 A Phenomenological Approach to Diode Lasers 45
2.1 Introduction 45
2.2 Carrier Generation and Recombination in Active Regions 46
2.3 Spontaneous Photon Generation and LEDs 49
2.4 Photon Generation and Loss in Laser Cavities 52
2.5 Threshold or Steady-State Gain in Lasers 55
2.6 Threshold Current and Power Out Versus Current 60
2.7 Relaxation Resonance and Frequency Response 70
2.8 Characterizing Real Diode Lasers 74
References 86
Reading List 87
Problems 87
3 Mirrors and Resonators for Diode Lasers 91
3.1 Introduction 91
3.2 Scattering Theory 92
3.3 S and T Matrices for Some Common Elements 95
3.4 Three- and Four-Mirror Laser Cavities 107
3.5 Gratings 113
3.6 Lasers Based on DBR Mirrors 123
3.7 DFB Lasers 141
References 151
Reading List 151
Problems 151
4 Gain and Current Relations 157
4.1 Introduction 157
4.2 Radiative Transitions 158
4.3 Optical Gain 174
4.4 Spontaneous Emission 192
4.5 Nonradiative Transitions 199
4.6 Active Materials and Their Characteristics 218
References 238
Reading List 240
Problems 240
5 Dynamic Effects 247
5.1 Introduction 247
5.2 Review of Chapter 2 248
Case (i): Well Below Threshold 251
Case (ii): Above Threshold 252
Case (iii): Below and Above Threshold 253
5.3 Differential Analysis of the Rate Equations 257
5.4 Large-Signal Analysis 276
5.5 Relative Intensity Noise and Linewidth 288
5.6 Carrier Transport Effects 308
5.7 Feedback Effects and Injection Locking 311
References 328
Reading List 329
Problems 329
6 Perturbation, Coupled-Mode Theory, Modal Excitations, and Applications 335
6.1 Introduction 335
6.2 Guided-Mode Power and Effective Width 336
6.3 Perturbation Theory 339
6.4 Coupled-Mode Theory: Two-Mode Coupling 342
6.5 Modal Excitation 376
6.6 Two Mode Interference and Multimode Interference 378
6.7 Star Couplers 381
6.8 Photonic Multiplexers, Demultiplexers and Routers 382
6.9 Conclusions 390
References 390
Reading List 391
Problems 391
7 Dielectric Waveguides 395
7.1 Introduction 395
7.2 Plane Waves Incident on a Planar Dielectric Boundary 396
7.3 Dielectric Waveguide Analysis Techniques 400
7.4 Numerical Techniques for Analyzing PICs 427
7.5 Goos-Hanchen Effect and Total Internal Reflection Components 434
7.6 Losses in Dielectric Waveguides 437
References 445
Reading List 446
Problems 446
8 Photonic Integrated Circuits 451
8.1 Introduction 451
8.2 Tunable, Widely Tunable, and Externally Modulated Lasers 452
8.3 Advanced PICs 484
8.4 PICs for Coherent Optical Communications 491
References 499
Reading List 503
Problems 503
APPENDICES
1 Review of Elementary Solid-State Physics 509
A1.1 A Quantum Mechanics Primer 509
A1.2 Elements of Solid-State Physics 516
References 527
Reading List 527
2 Relationships between Fermi Energy and Carrier Density and Leakage 529
A2.1 General Relationships 529
A2.2 Approximations for Bulk Materials 532
A2.3 Carrier Leakage Over Heterobarriers 537
A2.4 Internal Quantum Efficiency 542
References 544
Reading List 544
3 Introduction to Optical Waveguiding in Simple Double-Heterostructures 545
A3.1 Introduction 545
A3.2 Three-Layer Slab Dielectric Waveguide 546
A3.3 Effective Index Technique for Two-Dimensional Waveguides 551
A3.4 Far Fields 555
References 557
Reading List 557
4 Density of Optical Modes, Blackbody Radiation, and Spontaneous Emission Factor 559
A4.1 Optical Cavity Modes 559
A4.2 Blackbody Radiation 561
A4.3 Spontaneous Emission Factor, ²sp 562
Reading List 563
5 Modal Gain, Modal Loss, and Confinement Factors 565
A5.1 Introduction 565
A5.2 Classical Definition of Modal Gain 566
A5.3 Modal Gain and Confinement Factors 568
A5.4 Internal Modal Loss 570
A5.5 More Exact Analysis of the Active/Passive Section Cavity 571
A5.6 Effects of Dispersion on Modal Gain 576
6 Einstein's Approach to Gain and Spontaneous Emission 579
A6.1 Introduction 579
A6.2 Einstein A and B Coefficients 582
A6.3 Thermal Equilibrium 584
A6.4 Calculation of Gain 585
A6.5 Calculation of Spontaneous Emission Rate 589
Reading List 592
7 Periodic Structures and the Transmission Matrix 593
A7.1 Introduction 593
A7.2 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 593
A7.3 Application to Dielectric Stacks at the Bragg Condition 595
A7.4 Application to Dielectric Stacks Away from the Bragg Condition 597
A7.5 Correspondence with Approximate Techniques 600
A7.6 Generalized Reflectivity at the Bragg Condition 603
Reading List 605
Problems 605
8 Electronic States in Semiconductors 609
A8.1 Introduction 609
A8.2 General Description of Electronic States 609
A8.3 Bloch Functions and the Momentum Matrix Element 611
A8.4 Band Structure in Quantum Wells 615
References 627
Reading List 628
9 Fermi's Golden Rule 629
A9.1 Introduction 629
A9.2 Semiclassical Derivation of the Transition Rate 630
Reading List 637
Problems 638
10 Transition Matrix Element 639
A10.1 General Derivation 639
A10.2 Polarization-Dependent Effects 641
A10.3 Inclusion of Envelope Functions in Quantum Wells 645
Reading List 646
11 Strained Bandgaps 647
A11.1 General Definitions of Stress and Strain 647
A11.2 Relationship Between Strain and Bandgap 650
A11.3 Relationship Between Strain and Band Structure 655
References 656
12 Threshold Energy for Auger Processes 657
A12.1 CCCH Process 657
A12.2 CHHS and CHHL Processes 659
13 Langevin Noise 661
A13.1 Properties of Langevin Noise Sources 661
A13.2 Specific Langevin Noise Correlations 665
A13.3 Evaluation of Noise Spectral Densities 669
References 672
Problems 672
14 Derivation Details for Perturbation Formulas 675
Reading List 676
15 Multimode Interference 677
A15.1 Multimode Interference-Based Couplers 677
A15.2 Guided-Mode Propagation Analysis 678
A15.3 MMI Physical Properties 682
Reference 683
16 The Electro-Optic Effect 685
References 692
Reading List 692
17 Solution of Finite Difference Problems 693
A17.1 Matrix Formalism 693
A17.2 One-Dimensional Dielectric Slab Example 695
Reading List 696
Index 697
Acknowledgments xxi
List of Fundamental Constants xxiii
1 Ingredients 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Energy Levels and Bands in Solids 5
1.3 Spontaneous and Stimulated Transitions: The Creation of Light 7
1.4 Transverse Confinement of Carriers and Photons in Diode Lasers: The Double Heterostructure 10
1.5 Semiconductor Materials for Diode Lasers 13
1.6 Epitaxial Growth Technology 20
1.7 Lateral Confinement of Current, Carriers, and Photons for Practical Lasers 24
1.8 Practical Laser Examples 31
References 39
Reading List 40
Problems 40
2 A Phenomenological Approach to Diode Lasers 45
2.1 Introduction 45
2.2 Carrier Generation and Recombination in Active Regions 46
2.3 Spontaneous Photon Generation and LEDs 49
2.4 Photon Generation and Loss in Laser Cavities 52
2.5 Threshold or Steady-State Gain in Lasers 55
2.6 Threshold Current and Power Out Versus Current 60
2.7 Relaxation Resonance and Frequency Response 70
2.8 Characterizing Real Diode Lasers 74
References 86
Reading List 87
Problems 87
3 Mirrors and Resonators for Diode Lasers 91
3.1 Introduction 91
3.2 Scattering Theory 92
3.3 S and T Matrices for Some Common Elements 95
3.4 Three- and Four-Mirror Laser Cavities 107
3.5 Gratings 113
3.6 Lasers Based on DBR Mirrors 123
3.7 DFB Lasers 141
References 151
Reading List 151
Problems 151
4 Gain and Current Relations 157
4.1 Introduction 157
4.2 Radiative Transitions 158
4.3 Optical Gain 174
4.4 Spontaneous Emission 192
4.5 Nonradiative Transitions 199
4.6 Active Materials and Their Characteristics 218
References 238
Reading List 240
Problems 240
5 Dynamic Effects 247
5.1 Introduction 247
5.2 Review of Chapter 2 248
Case (i): Well Below Threshold 251
Case (ii): Above Threshold 252
Case (iii): Below and Above Threshold 253
5.3 Differential Analysis of the Rate Equations 257
5.4 Large-Signal Analysis 276
5.5 Relative Intensity Noise and Linewidth 288
5.6 Carrier Transport Effects 308
5.7 Feedback Effects and Injection Locking 311
References 328
Reading List 329
Problems 329
6 Perturbation, Coupled-Mode Theory, Modal Excitations, and Applications 335
6.1 Introduction 335
6.2 Guided-Mode Power and Effective Width 336
6.3 Perturbation Theory 339
6.4 Coupled-Mode Theory: Two-Mode Coupling 342
6.5 Modal Excitation 376
6.6 Two Mode Interference and Multimode Interference 378
6.7 Star Couplers 381
6.8 Photonic Multiplexers, Demultiplexers and Routers 382
6.9 Conclusions 390
References 390
Reading List 391
Problems 391
7 Dielectric Waveguides 395
7.1 Introduction 395
7.2 Plane Waves Incident on a Planar Dielectric Boundary 396
7.3 Dielectric Waveguide Analysis Techniques 400
7.4 Numerical Techniques for Analyzing PICs 427
7.5 Goos-Hanchen Effect and Total Internal Reflection Components 434
7.6 Losses in Dielectric Waveguides 437
References 445
Reading List 446
Problems 446
8 Photonic Integrated Circuits 451
8.1 Introduction 451
8.2 Tunable, Widely Tunable, and Externally Modulated Lasers 452
8.3 Advanced PICs 484
8.4 PICs for Coherent Optical Communications 491
References 499
Reading List 503
Problems 503
APPENDICES
1 Review of Elementary Solid-State Physics 509
A1.1 A Quantum Mechanics Primer 509
A1.2 Elements of Solid-State Physics 516
References 527
Reading List 527
2 Relationships between Fermi Energy and Carrier Density and Leakage 529
A2.1 General Relationships 529
A2.2 Approximations for Bulk Materials 532
A2.3 Carrier Leakage Over Heterobarriers 537
A2.4 Internal Quantum Efficiency 542
References 544
Reading List 544
3 Introduction to Optical Waveguiding in Simple Double-Heterostructures 545
A3.1 Introduction 545
A3.2 Three-Layer Slab Dielectric Waveguide 546
A3.3 Effective Index Technique for Two-Dimensional Waveguides 551
A3.4 Far Fields 555
References 557
Reading List 557
4 Density of Optical Modes, Blackbody Radiation, and Spontaneous Emission Factor 559
A4.1 Optical Cavity Modes 559
A4.2 Blackbody Radiation 561
A4.3 Spontaneous Emission Factor, ²sp 562
Reading List 563
5 Modal Gain, Modal Loss, and Confinement Factors 565
A5.1 Introduction 565
A5.2 Classical Definition of Modal Gain 566
A5.3 Modal Gain and Confinement Factors 568
A5.4 Internal Modal Loss 570
A5.5 More Exact Analysis of the Active/Passive Section Cavity 571
A5.6 Effects of Dispersion on Modal Gain 576
6 Einstein's Approach to Gain and Spontaneous Emission 579
A6.1 Introduction 579
A6.2 Einstein A and B Coefficients 582
A6.3 Thermal Equilibrium 584
A6.4 Calculation of Gain 585
A6.5 Calculation of Spontaneous Emission Rate 589
Reading List 592
7 Periodic Structures and the Transmission Matrix 593
A7.1 Introduction 593
A7.2 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 593
A7.3 Application to Dielectric Stacks at the Bragg Condition 595
A7.4 Application to Dielectric Stacks Away from the Bragg Condition 597
A7.5 Correspondence with Approximate Techniques 600
A7.6 Generalized Reflectivity at the Bragg Condition 603
Reading List 605
Problems 605
8 Electronic States in Semiconductors 609
A8.1 Introduction 609
A8.2 General Description of Electronic States 609
A8.3 Bloch Functions and the Momentum Matrix Element 611
A8.4 Band Structure in Quantum Wells 615
References 627
Reading List 628
9 Fermi's Golden Rule 629
A9.1 Introduction 629
A9.2 Semiclassical Derivation of the Transition Rate 630
Reading List 637
Problems 638
10 Transition Matrix Element 639
A10.1 General Derivation 639
A10.2 Polarization-Dependent Effects 641
A10.3 Inclusion of Envelope Functions in Quantum Wells 645
Reading List 646
11 Strained Bandgaps 647
A11.1 General Definitions of Stress and Strain 647
A11.2 Relationship Between Strain and Bandgap 650
A11.3 Relationship Between Strain and Band Structure 655
References 656
12 Threshold Energy for Auger Processes 657
A12.1 CCCH Process 657
A12.2 CHHS and CHHL Processes 659
13 Langevin Noise 661
A13.1 Properties of Langevin Noise Sources 661
A13.2 Specific Langevin Noise Correlations 665
A13.3 Evaluation of Noise Spectral Densities 669
References 672
Problems 672
14 Derivation Details for Perturbation Formulas 675
Reading List 676
15 Multimode Interference 677
A15.1 Multimode Interference-Based Couplers 677
A15.2 Guided-Mode Propagation Analysis 678
A15.3 MMI Physical Properties 682
Reference 683
16 The Electro-Optic Effect 685
References 692
Reading List 692
17 Solution of Finite Difference Problems 693
A17.1 Matrix Formalism 693
A17.2 One-Dimensional Dielectric Slab Example 695
Reading List 696
Index 697
Larry A. Coldren is the Fred Kavli Professor of Optoelectronics and Sensors at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He has authored or coauthored over a thousand journal and conference papers, seven book chapters, and a textbook, and has been issued sixty-three patents. He is a Fellow of the IEEE, OSA, and IEE, the recipient of the 2004 John Tyndall and 2009 Aron Kressel Awards, and a member of the National Academy of Engineering.
Scott W. Corzine obtained his PhD from the University of California, Santa Barbara, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, for his work on vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). He worked for ten years at HP/Agilent Laboratories in Palo Alto, California, on VCSELs, externally modulated lasers, and quantum cascade lasers. He is currently with Infinera in Sunnyvale, California, working on photonic integrated circuits.
Milan L. Mashanovitch obtained his PhD in the field of photonic integrated circuits at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), in 2004. He has since been with UCSB as a scientist working on tunable photonic integrated circuits and as an adjunct professor, and with Freedom Photonics LLC, Santa Barbara, which he cofounded in 2005, working on photonic integrated circuits.
Scott W. Corzine obtained his PhD from the University of California, Santa Barbara, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, for his work on vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). He worked for ten years at HP/Agilent Laboratories in Palo Alto, California, on VCSELs, externally modulated lasers, and quantum cascade lasers. He is currently with Infinera in Sunnyvale, California, working on photonic integrated circuits.
Milan L. Mashanovitch obtained his PhD in the field of photonic integrated circuits at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), in 2004. He has since been with UCSB as a scientist working on tunable photonic integrated circuits and as an adjunct professor, and with Freedom Photonics LLC, Santa Barbara, which he cofounded in 2005, working on photonic integrated circuits.
