Biological Sludge Minimization and Biomaterials/Bioenergy Recovery Technologies
1. Edition July 2012
536 Pages, Hardcover
Wiley & Sons Ltd
ISBN:
978-0-470-76882-2
John Wiley & Sons
Short Description
This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date picture of sludge minimization and reuse with a focus on process fundamentals, feasibility, and cost evaluation. A contributed volume written by experts in industry and academia, its coverage describes a range of methods to reduce sludge production during wastewater purification as an alternative to post-treatment of generated sludge. The book also helps engineers and other related readers make decisions for the appropriate technologies to accomplish their sludge management goals.
This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date picture of sludge minimization and reuse with a focus on process fundamentals, feasibility, and cost evaluation. A contributed volume written by experts in industry and academia, its coverage describes a range of methods to reduce sludge production during wastewater purification as an alternative to post-treatment of generated sludge. The book also helps engineers and other related readers make decisions for the appropriate technologies to accomplish their sludge management goals.
Preface xvii
Contributors xxi
1 Fundamentals of Biological Processes for Wastewater Treatment 1
Jianlong Wang
1.1 Introduction, 1
1.2 Overview of Biological Wastewater Treatment, 2
1.3 Classification of Microorganisms, 4
1.4 Some Important Microorganisms in Wastewater Treatment, 8
1.5 Measurement of Microbial Biomass, 21
1.6 Microbial Nutrition, 24
1.7 Microbial Metabolism, 31
1.8 Functions of Biological Wastewater Treatment, 42
1.9 Activated Sludge Process, 59
1.10 Suspended- and Attached-Growth Processes, 69
1.11 Sludge Production, Treatment and Disposal, 74
References, 79
2 Sludge Production: Quantification and Prediction for Urban Treatment Plants and Assessment of Strategies for Sludge Reduction 81
Mathieu Spe´randio, Etienne Paul, Yolaine Bessie`re, and Yu Liu
2.1 Introduction, 81
2.2 Sludge Fractionation and Origin, 82
2.3 Quantification of Excess Sludge Production, 88
2.4 Practical Evaluation of Sludge Production, 99
2.5 Strategies for Excess Sludge Reduction, 106
2.6 Conclusions, 111
2.7 Nomenclature, 112
References, 114
3 Characterization of Municipal Wastewater and Sludge 117
Etienne Paul, Xavier Lefebvre, Mathieu Sperandio, Dominique Lefebvre, and Yu Liu
3.1 Introduction, 117
3.2 Definitions, 119
3.3 Wastewater and Sludge Composition and Fractionation, 120
3.4 Physical Fractionation, 123
3.5 Biodegradation Assays for Wastewater and Sludge Characterization, 124
3.6 Application to Wastewater COD Fractionation, 131
3.7 Assessment of the Characteristics of Sludge and Disintegrated Sludge, 143
3.8 Nomenclature, 147
References, 149
4 Oxic-Settling-Anaerobic Process for Enhanced Microbial Decay 155
Qingliang Zhao and Jianfang Wang
4.1 Introduction, 155
4.2 Description of the Oxic-Settling-Anaerobic Process, 156
4.3 Effects of an Anaerobic Sludge Tank on the Performance of an OSA System, 158
4.4 Sludge Production in an OSA System, 161
4.5 Performance of an OSA System, 162
4.6 Important Influence Factors, 164
4.7 Possible Sludge Reduction in the OSA Process, 166
4.8 Microbial Community in an OSA System, 171
4.9 Cost and Energy Evaluation, 174
4.10 Evaluation of the OSA Process, 175
4.11 Process Development, 176
References, 179
5 Energy Uncoupling for Sludge Minimization: Pros and Cons 183
Bo Jiang, Yu Liu, and Etienne Paul
5.1 Introduction, 183
5.2 Overview of Adenosine Triphosphate Synthesis, 184
5.3 Control of ATP Synthesis, 187
5.4 Energy Uncoupling for Sludge Reduction, 189
5.5 Modeling of Uncoupling Effect on Sludge Production, 200
5.6 Sideeffects of Chemical Uncouplers, 202
5.7 Full-Scale Application, 204
References, 204
6 Reduction of Excess Sludge Production Using Ozonation or Chlorination: Performance and Mechanisms of Action 209
Etienne Paul, Qi-Shan Liu, and Yu Liu
6.1 Introduction, 209
6.2 Significant Operational Results for ESP Reduction with Ozone, 210
6.3 Side Effects of Sludge Ozonation, 216
6.4 Cost Assessment, 221
6.5 Effect of Ozone on Sludge, 222
6.6 Modeling Ozonation Effect, 233
6.7 Remarks on Sludge Ozonation, 236
6.8 Chlorination in Water and Wastewater Treatment, 236
6.9 Nomenclature, 242
References, 244
7 High-Dissolved-Oxygen Biological Process for Sludge Reduction 249
Zhi-Wu Wang
7.1 Introduction, 249
7.2 Mechanism of High-Dissolved-Oxygen Reduced Sludge Production, 251
7.3 Limits of High-Dissolved-Oxygen Process for Reduced Sludge Production, 255
References, 256
8 Minimizing Excess Sludge Production Through Membrane Bioreactors and Integrated Processes 261
Philip Chuen-Yung Wong
8.1 Introduction, 261
8.2 Mass Balances, 262
8.3 Integrated Processes Based on Lysis-Cryptic Growth, 266
8.4 Predation, 283
8.5 Summary and Concluding Remarks, 285
References, 286
9 Microbial Fuel Cell Technology for Sustainable Treatment of Organic Wastes and Electrical Energy Recovery 291
Shi-Jie You, Nan-Qi Ren, and Qing-Liang Zhao
9.1 Introduction, 291
9.2 Fundamentals, Evaluation, and Design of MFCs, 293
9.3 Performance of Anodes, 295
9.4 Cathode Performances, 299
9.5 Separator, 306
9.6 pH Gradient and Buffer, 307
9.7 Applications of MFC-Based Technology, 309
9.8 Conclusions and Remarks, 314
References, 315
10 Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Sludge 319
Kuan-Yeow Show, Duu-Jong Lee, and Joo-Hwa Tay
10.1 Introduction, 319
10.2 Principles of Anaerobic Digestion, 320
10.3 Environmental Requirements and Control, 324
10.4 Design Considerations for Anaerobic Sludge Digestion, 329
10.5 Component Design of Anaerobic Digester Systems, 331
10.6 Reactor Configurations, 336
10.7 Advantages and Limitations of Anaerobic Sludge Digestion, 343
10.8 Summary and New Horizons, 344
References, 345
11 Mechanical Pretreatment-Assisted Biological Processes 349
He´le`ne Carre`re, Damien J. Batstone, and Etienne Paul
11.1 Introduction, 349
11.2 Mechanisms of Mechanical Pretreatment, 350
11.3 Impacts of Treatment: Rate vs. Extent of Degradability, 353
11.4 Equipment for Mechanical Pretreatment, 354
11.5 Side Effects, 359
11.6 Mechanical Treatment Combined with Activated Sludge, 360
11.7 Mechanical Treatment Combined with Anaerobic Digestion, 361
11.8 Conclusion, 367
References, 368
12 Thermal Methods to Enhance Biological Treatment Processes 373
Etienne Paul, He´le`ne Carre`re, and Damien J. Batstone
12.1 Introduction, 373
12.2 Mechanisms, 374
12.3 Devices for Thermal Treatment, 388
12.4 Applications of Thermal Treatment, 390
12.5 Conclusions, 398
References, 399
13 Combustion, Pyrolysis, and Gasification of Sewage Sludge for Energy Recovery 405
Yong-Qiang Liu, Joo-Hwa Tay, and Yu Liu
13.1 Introduction, 405
13.2 Characteristics and Dewatering of Sewage Sludge, 406
13.3 Energy Recovery from Sludge, 408
References, 421
14 Aerobic Granular Sludge Technology for Wastewater Treatment 429
Bing-Jie Ni and Han-Qing Yu
14.1 Introduction, 429
14.2 Technological Starting Points: Cultivating Aerobic Granules, 431
14.3 Mechanisms of the Aerobic Granulation Process, 436
14.4 Characterization of Aerobic Granular Sludge, 438
14.5 Modeling Granule-Based SBR for Wastewater Treatment, 447
14.6 Bioremediation of Wastewaters with Aerobic Granular Sludge Technology, 452
14.7 Remarks, 456
References, 457
15 Biodegradable Bioplastics from Fermented Sludge, Wastes, and Effluents 465
Etienne Paul, Elisabeth Neuhauser, and Yu Liu
15.1 Introduction, 465
15.2 PHA Structure, 469
15.3 Microbiology for PHA Production, 469
15.4 Metabolism of PHA Production, 471
15.5 PHA Kinetics, 479
15.6 PHA Storage to Minimize Excess Sludge Production in Wastewater Treatment Plants, 481
15.7 Choice of Process and Reactor Design for PHA Production, 482
15.8 Culture Selection and Enrichment Strategies, 487
15.9 PHA Quality and Recovery, 489
15.10 Industrial Developments, 490
References, 492
Index 499
Contributors xxi
1 Fundamentals of Biological Processes for Wastewater Treatment 1
Jianlong Wang
1.1 Introduction, 1
1.2 Overview of Biological Wastewater Treatment, 2
1.3 Classification of Microorganisms, 4
1.4 Some Important Microorganisms in Wastewater Treatment, 8
1.5 Measurement of Microbial Biomass, 21
1.6 Microbial Nutrition, 24
1.7 Microbial Metabolism, 31
1.8 Functions of Biological Wastewater Treatment, 42
1.9 Activated Sludge Process, 59
1.10 Suspended- and Attached-Growth Processes, 69
1.11 Sludge Production, Treatment and Disposal, 74
References, 79
2 Sludge Production: Quantification and Prediction for Urban Treatment Plants and Assessment of Strategies for Sludge Reduction 81
Mathieu Spe´randio, Etienne Paul, Yolaine Bessie`re, and Yu Liu
2.1 Introduction, 81
2.2 Sludge Fractionation and Origin, 82
2.3 Quantification of Excess Sludge Production, 88
2.4 Practical Evaluation of Sludge Production, 99
2.5 Strategies for Excess Sludge Reduction, 106
2.6 Conclusions, 111
2.7 Nomenclature, 112
References, 114
3 Characterization of Municipal Wastewater and Sludge 117
Etienne Paul, Xavier Lefebvre, Mathieu Sperandio, Dominique Lefebvre, and Yu Liu
3.1 Introduction, 117
3.2 Definitions, 119
3.3 Wastewater and Sludge Composition and Fractionation, 120
3.4 Physical Fractionation, 123
3.5 Biodegradation Assays for Wastewater and Sludge Characterization, 124
3.6 Application to Wastewater COD Fractionation, 131
3.7 Assessment of the Characteristics of Sludge and Disintegrated Sludge, 143
3.8 Nomenclature, 147
References, 149
4 Oxic-Settling-Anaerobic Process for Enhanced Microbial Decay 155
Qingliang Zhao and Jianfang Wang
4.1 Introduction, 155
4.2 Description of the Oxic-Settling-Anaerobic Process, 156
4.3 Effects of an Anaerobic Sludge Tank on the Performance of an OSA System, 158
4.4 Sludge Production in an OSA System, 161
4.5 Performance of an OSA System, 162
4.6 Important Influence Factors, 164
4.7 Possible Sludge Reduction in the OSA Process, 166
4.8 Microbial Community in an OSA System, 171
4.9 Cost and Energy Evaluation, 174
4.10 Evaluation of the OSA Process, 175
4.11 Process Development, 176
References, 179
5 Energy Uncoupling for Sludge Minimization: Pros and Cons 183
Bo Jiang, Yu Liu, and Etienne Paul
5.1 Introduction, 183
5.2 Overview of Adenosine Triphosphate Synthesis, 184
5.3 Control of ATP Synthesis, 187
5.4 Energy Uncoupling for Sludge Reduction, 189
5.5 Modeling of Uncoupling Effect on Sludge Production, 200
5.6 Sideeffects of Chemical Uncouplers, 202
5.7 Full-Scale Application, 204
References, 204
6 Reduction of Excess Sludge Production Using Ozonation or Chlorination: Performance and Mechanisms of Action 209
Etienne Paul, Qi-Shan Liu, and Yu Liu
6.1 Introduction, 209
6.2 Significant Operational Results for ESP Reduction with Ozone, 210
6.3 Side Effects of Sludge Ozonation, 216
6.4 Cost Assessment, 221
6.5 Effect of Ozone on Sludge, 222
6.6 Modeling Ozonation Effect, 233
6.7 Remarks on Sludge Ozonation, 236
6.8 Chlorination in Water and Wastewater Treatment, 236
6.9 Nomenclature, 242
References, 244
7 High-Dissolved-Oxygen Biological Process for Sludge Reduction 249
Zhi-Wu Wang
7.1 Introduction, 249
7.2 Mechanism of High-Dissolved-Oxygen Reduced Sludge Production, 251
7.3 Limits of High-Dissolved-Oxygen Process for Reduced Sludge Production, 255
References, 256
8 Minimizing Excess Sludge Production Through Membrane Bioreactors and Integrated Processes 261
Philip Chuen-Yung Wong
8.1 Introduction, 261
8.2 Mass Balances, 262
8.3 Integrated Processes Based on Lysis-Cryptic Growth, 266
8.4 Predation, 283
8.5 Summary and Concluding Remarks, 285
References, 286
9 Microbial Fuel Cell Technology for Sustainable Treatment of Organic Wastes and Electrical Energy Recovery 291
Shi-Jie You, Nan-Qi Ren, and Qing-Liang Zhao
9.1 Introduction, 291
9.2 Fundamentals, Evaluation, and Design of MFCs, 293
9.3 Performance of Anodes, 295
9.4 Cathode Performances, 299
9.5 Separator, 306
9.6 pH Gradient and Buffer, 307
9.7 Applications of MFC-Based Technology, 309
9.8 Conclusions and Remarks, 314
References, 315
10 Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Sludge 319
Kuan-Yeow Show, Duu-Jong Lee, and Joo-Hwa Tay
10.1 Introduction, 319
10.2 Principles of Anaerobic Digestion, 320
10.3 Environmental Requirements and Control, 324
10.4 Design Considerations for Anaerobic Sludge Digestion, 329
10.5 Component Design of Anaerobic Digester Systems, 331
10.6 Reactor Configurations, 336
10.7 Advantages and Limitations of Anaerobic Sludge Digestion, 343
10.8 Summary and New Horizons, 344
References, 345
11 Mechanical Pretreatment-Assisted Biological Processes 349
He´le`ne Carre`re, Damien J. Batstone, and Etienne Paul
11.1 Introduction, 349
11.2 Mechanisms of Mechanical Pretreatment, 350
11.3 Impacts of Treatment: Rate vs. Extent of Degradability, 353
11.4 Equipment for Mechanical Pretreatment, 354
11.5 Side Effects, 359
11.6 Mechanical Treatment Combined with Activated Sludge, 360
11.7 Mechanical Treatment Combined with Anaerobic Digestion, 361
11.8 Conclusion, 367
References, 368
12 Thermal Methods to Enhance Biological Treatment Processes 373
Etienne Paul, He´le`ne Carre`re, and Damien J. Batstone
12.1 Introduction, 373
12.2 Mechanisms, 374
12.3 Devices for Thermal Treatment, 388
12.4 Applications of Thermal Treatment, 390
12.5 Conclusions, 398
References, 399
13 Combustion, Pyrolysis, and Gasification of Sewage Sludge for Energy Recovery 405
Yong-Qiang Liu, Joo-Hwa Tay, and Yu Liu
13.1 Introduction, 405
13.2 Characteristics and Dewatering of Sewage Sludge, 406
13.3 Energy Recovery from Sludge, 408
References, 421
14 Aerobic Granular Sludge Technology for Wastewater Treatment 429
Bing-Jie Ni and Han-Qing Yu
14.1 Introduction, 429
14.2 Technological Starting Points: Cultivating Aerobic Granules, 431
14.3 Mechanisms of the Aerobic Granulation Process, 436
14.4 Characterization of Aerobic Granular Sludge, 438
14.5 Modeling Granule-Based SBR for Wastewater Treatment, 447
14.6 Bioremediation of Wastewaters with Aerobic Granular Sludge Technology, 452
14.7 Remarks, 456
References, 457
15 Biodegradable Bioplastics from Fermented Sludge, Wastes, and Effluents 465
Etienne Paul, Elisabeth Neuhauser, and Yu Liu
15.1 Introduction, 465
15.2 PHA Structure, 469
15.3 Microbiology for PHA Production, 469
15.4 Metabolism of PHA Production, 471
15.5 PHA Kinetics, 479
15.6 PHA Storage to Minimize Excess Sludge Production in Wastewater Treatment Plants, 481
15.7 Choice of Process and Reactor Design for PHA Production, 482
15.8 Culture Selection and Enrichment Strategies, 487
15.9 PHA Quality and Recovery, 489
15.10 Industrial Developments, 490
References, 492
Index 499
ETIENNE PAUL, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering at the National Institute of Applied Sciences. He has more than fifteen years of experience in the field of biological treatment of water, wastewater, and waste.
YU LIU, PhD, is an associate professor in the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Nanyang Technological University. He has authored or edited six books, four book chapters, and over ninety journal articles.
YU LIU, PhD, is an associate professor in the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Nanyang Technological University. He has authored or edited six books, four book chapters, and over ninety journal articles.
