Vacuum Technology in the Chemical Industry

FUNDAMENTALS OF VACUUM TECHNOLOGY
Introduction
Fundamentals of Vacuum Technology

CONDENSATION UNDER VACUUM
What Is Condensation?
Condensation under Vacuum without Inert
Condensation with Inert Gases
Saturated Inert Gas - Vapour Mixtures
Vapour - Liquid Equilibrium
Types of Condensers
Heat Transfer and Condensation Temperature in a Surface Condenser
Vacuum Control in Condensers
Installation of Condensers
Special Condenser Types

LIQUID RING VACUUM PUMPS IN INDUSTRIAL PROCESS APPLICATIONS
Design and Functional Principle of Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps
Operating Behaviour and Design of Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps
Vibration and Noise Emission with Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps
Selection of Suitable Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps
Process Connection and Plant Construction
Main Damage Symptoms
Table of Symbols

STEAM JET VACUUM PUMPS
Design and Function of a Jet Pump
Operating Behaviour and Characteristic
Cntrol of Jet Compresors
Multi-Stage Steam Jet Vacuum Pumps
Comparison of Steam, Air and Other Motive Media

MECHANICAL VACUUM PUMPS
Introduction
The Different Types of Mechanical Vacuum Pumps
When Using Various Vacuum Pump Designs in the Chemical or Pharmaceutical Process Industry, the Following Must Be Observed

BASICS OF THE EXPLOSION PROTECTION AND SAFETY-TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS ON VACUUM PUMPS FOR MANUFACTURERS AND OPERATING COMPANIES
Introduction
Explosion Protection
Directive 99/92/EC
Directive 94/9/EC
Summary

MEASUREMENT METHODS FOR GROSS AND FINE VACUUM
Pressure Units and Vacuum Ranges
Directly and Indirectly Measuring Vacuum Gauges and Their Measurement Ranges
Hydrostatic Manometers
Mechanical and Electromechanical Vacuum Gauges

LEAK DETECTION METHODS
Definition of Leakage Rates
Acceptable Leakage Rate of Chemical Plants
Methods of Leak Detection
Helium as a Tracer Gas
Leak Detection of Systems in the Medium-Vacuum Range
Leak Detection on Systems in the Rough Vacuum Range
Leak Detection and Signal Rsponse Time
Properties and Specifications of Helium Leak Detectors
Helium Leak Detection in Industrial Rough Vacuum Applications without Needs of a Mass Spectrometer

VACUUM CRYSTALLISATION
Introduction
Crystallisation Theory for Practice
Types of Crystallisers
Periphery
Process Particularities
Example - Crystallisation of Sodium Chloride

WHY EVAPORATION UNDER VACUUM?
Introduction
Thermodynamics of Evaporation
Pressure/Vacuum Evaporation Comparison
Possibility of Vapour Utilization

EVAPORATORS FOR COARSE VACUUM
Introduction
Criteria for the Selection of an Evaporator
Evaporator Types

BASICS OF DRYING TECHNOLOGY
Basics of Solids-Liquid Separation Technology
Basics of Drying Technology
Discontinuous Vacuum Drying
Continuous Vacuum Drying
Dryer Designs

VACUUM TECHNOLOGY BED
Introduction to Fluidized Bed Technology
Vacuum Fluidized Bed Technology

PHARMACEUTICAL FREEZE-DRYING SYSTEMS
General Information
Phases of a Freeze-Drying Process
Production Freeze-Drying Systems
Final Comments

SHORT PATH AND MOLECULAR DISTILLATION
Introduction
Some History
Outlook

RECTIFICATION UNDER VACUUM
Fundamentals of Distillation and Rectification
Vacuum Rectification Design
Structured Packings for Vacuum Rectification

VACUUM CONVEYING OF POWDERS AND BULK MATERIALS
Introduction
Basic Theory
Principle Function and Design of a Vacuum Conveying System
Continuous Vacuum Conveying
Reactor- and Stirring Vessel Loading in the Chemical Industry
Conveying, Weighing, Dosing and Big-Bag Filling and Discharging
Application Parameters

VACUUM FILTRATION - SYSTEM AND EQUIPMENT TECHNOLOGY, RANGE AND EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONS, DESIGNS
Vacuum Filtration, a Mechanical Separation Process
Design of an Industrial Vacuum Filter Station
Methods of Continuous Vacuum Filtration, Types of Design and Examples of Appplication

Index

Wolfgang Jorisch, age group 1946, studied chemistry at RWTH Aachen University, and gained his doctorate from the University of Essen. He worked at RWTÜV in Essen from 1980-87, before taking up a position in technical sales and distribution at the chemistry applications segment of Leybold Vacuum in Cologne, Germany. In 2000 he switched to the same occupation at Graham Precision Pumps Ltd, UK, at this time a subsidiary of Graham Corporation, Batavia, NY, USA., now-a-days a company of Dr.-Ing. K. Busch UK, until 2005, when he began IVPT Industrielle Vakuumprozesstechnik, seat in works of Oerlikon Leybold Vacuum in Cologne (Germany). Dr. Jorisch has been a member of the board of "Vakuum in Forschung und Praxis (VIP)" from the year of the journal`s start in 1987 up to 2012. Since end of 2011 he is in retirement.

W. Jorisch, Geilenkirchen, Germany