Electric Vehicle Technology Explained
2. Auflage August 2012
340 Seiten, Hardcover
Wiley & Sons Ltd
Kurzbeschreibung
This second edition provides a timely update on the fast-moving technology of electric vehicles and electric transportation, a hot topic within both automotive and electrical engineering. Fully updated throughout, it takes a unique approach to the subject by presenting an engineering-based treatment of the design and evaluation of electric motor scooters, cars, buses, and trains, presenting clear and comprehensive coverage of major aspects of electric vehicle development. This book is essential for professionals working in EV research and development as well as advanced students of automotive, mechanical, and electrical engineering.
Fully updated throughout, Electric Vehicle Technology, Second Edition, is a complete guide to the principles, design and applications of electric vehicle technology. Including all the latest advances, it presents clear and comprehensive coverage of the major aspects of electric vehicle development and offers an engineering-based evaluation of electric motor scooters, cars, buses and trains.
This new edition includes:
* important new chapters on types of electric vehicles, including pickup and linear motors, overall efficiencies and energy consumption, and power generation, particularly for zero carbon emissions
* expanded chapters updating the latest types of EV, types of batteries, battery technology and other rechargeable devices, fuel cells, hydrogen supply, controllers, EV modeling, ancillary system design, and EV and the environment
* brand new practical examples and case studies illustrating how electric vehicles can be used to substantially reduce carbon emissions and cut down reliance on fossil fuels
* futuristic concept models, electric and high-speed trains and developments in magnetic levitation and linear motors
* an examination of EV efficiencies, energy consumption and sustainable power generation.
MATLAB(r) examples can be found on the companion website www.wiley.com/go/electricvehicle2e
Explaining the underpinning science and technology, this book is essential for practicing electrical, automotive, power, control and instrumentation engineers working in EV research and development. It is also a valuable reference for academics and students in automotive, mechanical, power and electrical engineering.
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
Abbreviations xix
Symbols xxiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 A Brief History 2
1.2 Electric Vehicles and the Environment 13
1.3 Usage Patterns for Electric Road Vehicles 15
Further Reading 17
2 Types of Electric Vehicles - EV Architecture 19
2.1 Battery Electric Vehicles 19
2.2 The IC Engine/Electric Hybrid Vehicle 19
2.3 Fuelled EVs 24
2.4 EVs using Supply Lines 25
2.5 EVs which use Flywheels or Supercapacitors 25
2.6 Solar-Powered Vehicles 26
2.7 Vehicles using Linear Motors 27
2.8 EVs for the Future 27
Further Reading 27
3 Batteries, Flywheels and Supercapacitors 29
3.1 Introduction 29
3.2 Battery Parameters 30
3.3 Lead Acid Batteries 36
3.4 Nickel-Based Batteries 41
3.5 Sodium-Based Batteries 46
3.6 Lithium Batteries 50
3.7 Metal-Air Batteries 52
3.8 Supercapacitors and Flywheels 54
3.9 Battery Charging 59
3.10 The Designer's Choice of Battery 63
3.11 Use of Batteries in Hybrid Vehicles 64
3.12 Battery Modelling 65
3.13 In Conclusion 77
References 78
4 Electricity Supply 79
4.1 Normal Existing Domestic and Industrial Electricity Supply 79
4.2 Infrastructure Needed for Charging Electric Vehicles 80
4.3 Electricity Supply Rails 81
4.4 Inductive Power Transfer for Moving Vehicles 82
4.5 Battery Swapping 84
Further Reading 85
5 Fuel Cells 87
5.1 Fuel Cells - A Real Option? 87
5.2 Hydrogen Fuel Cells - Basic Principles 89
5.3 Fuel Cell Thermodynamics - An Introduction 95
5.4 Connecting Cells in Series - The Bipolar Plate 102
5.5 Water Management in the PEMFC 106
5.6 Thermal Management of the PEMFC 110
5.7 A Complete Fuel Cell System 111
5.8 Practical Efficiency of Fuel Cells 114
References 114
6 Hydrogen as a Fuel - Its Production and Storage 115
6.1 Introduction 115
6.2 Hydrogen as a Fuel 117
6.3 Fuel Reforming 118
6.4 Energy Efficiency of Reforming 124
6.5 Hydrogen Storage I - Storage as Hydrogen 124
6.6 Hydrogen Storage II - Chemical Methods 132
References 143
7 Electric Machines and their Controllers 145
7.1 The 'Brushed' DC Electric Motor 145
7.2 DC Regulation and Voltage Conversion 159
7.3 Brushless Electric Motors 169
7.4 Motor Cooling, Efficiency, Size and Mass 179
7.5 Electric Machines for Hybrid Vehicles 182
7.6 Linear Motors 185
References 185
8 Electric Vehicle Modelling 187
8.1 Introduction 187
8.2 Tractive Effort 188
8.3 Modelling Vehicle Acceleration 191
8.4 Modelling Electric Vehicle Range 198
8.5 Simulations - A Summary 215
References 216
9 Design Considerations 217
9.1 Introduction 217
9.2 Aerodynamic Considerations 217
9.3 Consideration of Rolling Resistance 222
9.4 Transmission Efficiency 223
9.5 Consideration of Vehicle Mass 227
9.6 Electric Vehicle Chassis and Body Design 229
9.7 General Issues in Design 237
10 Design of Ancillary Systems 239
10.1 Introduction 239
10.2 Heating and Cooling Systems 239
10.3 Design of the Controls 242
10.4 Power Steering 244
10.5 Choice of Tyres 245
10.6 Wing Mirrors, Aerials and Luggage Racks 245
10.7 Electric Vehicle Recharging and Refuelling Systems 245
11 Efficiencies and Carbon Release Comparison 247
11.1 Introduction 247
11.2 Definition of Efficiency 248
11.3 Carbon Dioxide Emission and Chemical Energy in Fuel 248
12 Electric Vehicles and the Environment 253
12.1 Introduction 253
12.2 Vehicle Pollution - The Effects 253
12.3 Vehicle Pollution in Context 256
12.4 The Role of Regulations and Lawmakers 256
Further Reading 258
13 Power Generation for Transport - Particularly for Zero Emissions 259
13.1 Introduction 259
13.2 Power Generation using Fossil Fuels 260
13.3 Alternative and Sustainable Energy 260
13.4 Nuclear Energy 267
13.5 In Conclusion 269
Further Reading 269
14 Recent Electric Vehicles 271
14.1 Introduction 271
14.2 Low-Speed Rechargeable Battery Vehicles 271
14.3 Battery-Powered Cars and Vans 274
14.4 Hybrid Vehicles 279
14.5 Fuel-Cell-Powered Bus 284
14.6 Conventional High-Speed Trains 286
14.7 Conclusion 289
References 290
15 The Future of Electric Vehicles 291
15.1 Introduction 291
15.2 The Tesla S 291
15.3 The Honda FCX Clarity 292
15.4 Maglev Trains 292
15.5 Electric Road-Rail Systems 294
15.6 Conclusion 295
Further Reading 296
Appendices: MATLAB(r) Examples 297
Appendix 1: Performance Simulation of the GM EV1 297
Appendix 2: Importing and Creating Driving Cycles 298
Appendix 3: Simulating One Cycle 300
Appendix 4: Range Simulation of the GM EV1 Electric Car 302
Appendix 5: Electric Scooter Range Modelling 304
Appendix 6: Fuel Cell Range Simulation 306
Appendix 7: Motor Efficiency Plots 308
Index 311
