Metrology and Standardization for Nanotechnology

Foreword
Preface

Introduction: An Overview of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterial Standardization and Opportunities and Challenges

PART I. NANOTECHNOLOGY BASICS: DEFINITIONS, SYNTHESIS, AND PROPERTIES
Nanotechnology Definitions at ISO and ASTM International: Origins, Usage, and Relationship to Nomenclature and Regulatory and Metrology Activities
Engineered Nanomaterials: Discussion of the Major Categories of Nanomaterials
Nanomaterials Synthesis Methods
Physicochemical Properties of Engineered Nanomaterials
Biological Properties of Engineered Nanomaterials

PART II. METROLOGY FOR ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS
Characterization of Nanomaterials
Principal Metrics and Instrumentation for Characterization of Engineered Nanomaterials
Analytical Measurements of Nanoparticles in Challenging and Complex Environments
Metrology for the Dimensional Parameter Study of Nanoparticles
Analytical Nanoscopic Techniques: Nanoscale Properties
Tribological Testing and Standardization at the Micro- and Nanoscale
Stochastic Aspects of Sizing Nanoparticles

PART III. NANOTECHNOLOGY STANDARS
ISO Technical Committee 229 Nanotechnologies
Standards from ASTM International Technical Committee E56 on Nanotechnology
International Electrochemical Commission. Nanotechnology Standards
Standardization of Nanomaterials: Methods and Protocols
Nanomaterial Recommendation from the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
Reference Nanomaterials to Improve the Reliability of Nanoscale Measurements
Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards (VAMAS) and its Role in Nanotechnology Standardization

PART IV. RISK-RELATED ASPECTS OF ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS
Categorization of Engineered Nanomaterials for Regulatory Decision-Making
Nano-Exposure Science: How does Exposure to Engineered Nanomaterials Happen?
Nanotoxicology: Role of Physical and Chemical Characterization and Related In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Methods
Minimizing Risk: An Overview of Risk Assessment and Risk Management of Nanomaterials

PART V. NANOTECHNOLOGY-BASED PRODUCTS, APPLICATIONS, AND INDUSTRY
Nanoenabled Products: Categories, Manufacture, and Applications
Application of Nanomaterials to Industry: How are Nanomaterials Used and What Drives Future Applications?
Ethics and Nanomaterials Industrial Production
Nanomaterials for Energy Applications
The Importance of Metrology and Standardization of Nanomaterials for Food Industry and Regulatory Authorities in Europe
Magnetic Properties and Applications of Engineered Nanomaterials
Nanomaterials in Textiles

Index

Elisabeth Mansfield is research chemist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Boulder, Colorado, USA. She obtained her PhD in analytical chemistry from the University of Arizona in Tucson, USA. During her career at NIST, she received both the Bronze and Silver Medal of the Department of Commerce/NIST for extending thermogravimetric analysis to the microscale and for pioneering work on carbon nanotube purification and analysis. Elisabeth Mansfield is member of various standards committees, among them the ASTM committee on thermal analysis and the ISO committee on nanoparticles.

Debra L. Kaiser is a Technical Program Director in the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST in Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA. She obtained her ScD in Materials Science and Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). She worked as a postdoctoral fellow and consultant at the IBM Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York, before joining NIST. After a productive research and management career, she now holds the position of Technical Program Director of the NIST Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety Program. She is vice-chairman of ASTM International Committee E56 on Nanotechnology.

Daisuke Fujita is the Executive Vice President of the National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) in Tsukuba, Japan. He obtained his MSc and PhD degrees in materials science and engineering from the University of Tokyo. Daisuke Fujita was senior researcher at the National Institute for Metals (NRIM) before joining NIMS as group leader in 2001. Subsequently he became Associate Director of the Nanomaterials Laboratory at NIMS, Managing Director of the Advanced Nano Characterization Center, Coordinating Director of the Key Nanotechnologies Division, and Director of the Advanced Key Technologies Division before assuming his current responsibilities

Marcel Van de Voorde has 40 years` experience in European Research Organisations including CERN-Geneva, European Commission, with 10 years at the Max Planck Institute in Stuttgart, Germany. For many years, he was involved in research and research strategies, policy and management, especially in European research institutions. He holds a Professorship at the University of Technology in Delft, the Netherlands, as well as multiple visiting professorships in Europe and worldwide. He holds a doctor honoris causa and various honorary Professorships.
He is senator of the European Academy for Sciences and Arts, in Salzburg and Fellow of the World Academy for Sciences. He is a Fellow of various scientific societies and has been decorated by the Belgian King. He has authored of multiple scientific and technical publications and co-edited multiple books in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

E. Mansfield, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Boulder, USA; D. L. Kaiser, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Boulder, USA; D. Fujita, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan; M. Van de Voorde, TU Delft, Bergen, The Netherlands