Supercritical Water
2. Auflage Juli 2012
218 Seiten, Hardcover
Wiley & Sons Ltd
Kurzbeschreibung
Drawing from thousands of original research articles, this book focuses on new and emerging applications of supercritical water as a green solvent, including the catalytic conversion of biomass into fuels and the oxidation of hazardous materials. It begins with an introduction that defines supercritical fluids in general and then defines supercritical water in particular, using the saturation curve to illustrate its relationship to regular water. This book is written for students and professionals in physical chemistry, chemistry of water, chemical engineering, and organic chemistry interested in exploring the applications and properties of supercritical water.
Drawing from thousands of original research articles, this book focuses on new and emerging applications of supercritical water as a green solvent, including the catalytic conversion of biomass into fuels and the oxidation of hazardous materials. It begins with an introduction that defines supercritical fluids in general and then defines supercritical water in particular, using the saturation curve to illustrate its relationship to regular water. This book is written for students and professionals in physical chemistry, chemistry of water, chemical engineering, and organic chemistry interested in exploring the applications and properties of supercritical water.
List of Acronyms and Symbols xiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Phase Diagrams of Single Fluids / 1
1.2 The Critical Point / 3
1.3 Supercritical Fluids as Solvents / 5
1.4 Gaseous and Liquid Water / 8
1.5 Near-Critical Water / 15
1.6 Summary / 17
2 Bulk Properties of SCW 22
2.1 Equations of State(EoS) / 22
2.1.1 PVT Data for SCW / 22
2.1.2 Classical Equations of State of SCW / 24
2.1.3 Scaling Equations of State for SCW / 26
2.1.4 EoS of Supercritical Heavy Water / 29
2.2 Thermophysical Properties of SCW / 30
2.2.1 Heat Capacity / 30
2.2.2 Enthalpy and Entropy / 32
2.2.3 Sound Velocity / 34
2.3 Electrical and Optical Properties / 34
2.3.1 Static Relative Permittivity / 34
2.3.2 Electrical Conductivity / 37
2.3.3 Light Refraction / 38
2.4 Transport Properties / 39
2.4.1 Viscosity / 39
2.4.2 Self-Diffusion / 41
2.4.3 Thermal Conductivity / 42
2.5 Ionic Dissociation of SCW / 44
2.6 Properties Related to the Solvent Power of SCW / 47
2.7 Summary / 49
3 Molecular Properties of SCW 57
3.1 Diffraction Studies of SCW Structure / 60
3.1.1 X-Ray Diffraction Studies of SCW Structure / 61
3.1.2 Neutron Diffraction Studies of SCW Structure / 62
3.2 Computer Simulations of SCW / 66
3.2.1 Monte Carlo Simulations / 67
3.2.2 Molecular Dynamics Simulations / 70
3.3 Spectroscopic Studies of SCW / 74
3.3.1 Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy / 74
3.3.2 Raman Scattering Spectroscopy / 77
3.3.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance / 79
3.3.4 Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy / 82
3.4 The Extent of Hydrogen Bonding in SCW / 83
3.5 The Dynamics of Water Molecules in SCW / 90
3.6 Summary / 92
4 SCW as a "Green" Solvent 100
4.1 Solutions of Gases in SCW / 101
4.1.1 Phase Equilibria / 101
4.1.2 Interactions in the Solutions / 104
4.2 Solutions of Organic Substances in SCW / 106
4.2.1 Phase Equilibria / 106
4.2.2 Interactions in the Solutions / 111
4.3 Solutions of Salts and Ions in SCW / 115
4.3.1 Solubilities of Salts and Electrolytes / 115
4.3.2 Thermodynamic Properties / 121
4.3.3 Transport Properties / 123
4.3.4 Ion Association in SCW / 129
4.3.5 Ion Hydration in SCW / 134
4.4 Binary Mixtures of Cosolvents with SCW / 138
4.5 Summary / 141
5 Applications of SCW 151
5.1 Conversion of Organic Substances to Fuel / 152
5.1.1 Conversion to Hydrogen and Natural Gas / 152
5.1.2 Conversion to Liquid Fuel / 156
5.2 Supercritical Water Oxidation / 157
5.2.1 General Aspects of SCWO Process / 158
5.2.2 Examples of SCWO Applications / 160
5.3 Uses of SCW in Organic Synthesis / 162
5.4 Uses in Powder Technology of Inorganic Substances / 164
5.5 Geothermal Aspects of SCW / 166
5.6 Application of SCW in Nuclear Reactors / 169
5.7 Corrosion Problems with SCW / 171
5.8 Summary / 174
Author Index 183
Subject Index 199
