Rubber-Clay Nanocomposites
Science, Technology, and Applications
1. Auflage Dezember 2011
632 Seiten, Hardcover
Fachbuch
Kurzbeschreibung
This book comprehensively reviews rubber-clay nanocomposites in a handbook format for R&D professionals. Along with valuable details on synthesis, processing, and mechanics, the book includes applications of rubber-clay nanocomposites in automotive tires and as polymer fillers. In addition, it helps scientists understand processing methods for nanocomposites preparation and nanostructure characterization. This book helps promote common knowledge and interpretation of the important aspects of rubber-clay nanocomposites, clarifying the main results achieved in the field of rubbers and crosslinked rubbers - not covered by the more general books on polymer-clay nanocomposites.
The one-stop resource for rubber-clay nanocomposite information
The first comprehensive, single-volume book to compile all the most important data on rubber-clay nanocomposites in one place, Rubber-Clay Nanocomposites: Science, Technology, and Applications reviews rubber-clay nanocomposites in an easy-to-reference format designed for R&D professionals.
Including contributions from experts from North America, Europe, and Asia, the book explores the properties of compounds with rubber-clay nanocomposites, including their rheology, curing kinetics, mechanical properties, and many others.
Rubber-clay nanocomposites are of growing interest to the scientific and technological community, and have been shown to improve rubber compound reinforcement and impermeability. These natural mineral fillers are of potential interest for large-scale applications and are already making an impact in several major fields. Packed with valuable information about the synthesis, processing, and mechanics of these reinforced rubbers, the book covers assorted rubber-clay nanocomposites applications, such as in automotive tires and as polymer fillers.
Promoting common knowledge and interpretation of the most important aspects of rubber-clay nanocomposites, and clarifying the main results achieved in the field of rubbers and crosslinked rubbers--something not covered in other books in the field--Rubber-Clay Nanocomposites helps scientists understand morphology, vulcanization, permeability, processing methods, and characterization factors quickly and easily.
CONTRIBUTORS xxi
SECTION I CLAYS FOR NANOCOMPOSITES
1 CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS 3
1.1 What's in a Name / 3
1.2 Multiscale Organization of Clay Minerals / 6
1.3 Intimate Organization of the Layer / 8
1.4 Most Relevant Physicochemical Properties of Clay Mineral / 22
1.5 Availability of Natural Clays and Synthetic Clay Minerals / 33
1.6 Clays and (Modified) Clay Minerals as Fillers / 35
Acknowledgment / 37
References / 37
2 ORGANOPHILIC CLAY MINERALS 45
2.1 Organophilicity/Lipophilicity and the Hydrophilic/Lipophilic Balance (HLB) / 45
2.2 From Clays to Organoclays in Polymer Technology / 47
2.3 Methods of Organoclay Synthesis / 49
2.4 Other Types of Clay Modifications for Clay-Based Nanomaterials / 66
2.5 Fine-Tuning of Organoclays Properties / 69
of Surfactant/CEC Ratio / 69
2.6 Some Introductory Reflections on Organoclay Polymer Nanocomposites / 72
References / 75
3 INDUSTRIAL TREATMENTS AND MODIFICATION OF CLAY MINERALS 87
3.1 Bentonite: From Mine to Plant / 87
3.2 Processing of Bentonite / 90
3.3 Purification of Clay / 93
3.4 Reaction of Clay with Organic Substances / 97
3.5 Particle Size Modification / 99
References / 99
4 ALKYLAMMONIUM CHAINS ON LAYERED CLAY MINERAL SURFACES 101
4.1 Structure and Dynamics / 101
4.2 Thermal Properties / 111
4.3 Layer Separation and Miscibility with Polymers / 115
4.4 Mechanical Properties of Clay Minerals / 121
References / 123
5 CHEMISTRY OF RUBBER-ORGANOCLAY NANOCOMPOSITES 127
5.1 Introduction / 127
5.2 Organic Cation Decomposition in Salts, Organoclays and Polymer Nanocomposites / 128
5.3 Mechanism of Thermal Decomposition of Organoclays / 135
5.4 Role of Organic Cations in Organoclays as Rubber Vulcanization Activators / 137
References / 141
SECTION II PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF RUBBER-CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES
6 PROCESSING METHODS FOR THE PREPARATION OF RUBBER-CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES 147
6.1 Introduction / 147
6.2 Latex Compounding Method / 148
6.3 Melt Compounding / 157
6.4 Solution Intercalation and In Situ Polymerization Intercalation / 170
6.5 Summary and Prospect / 170
Acknowledgment / 171
References / 171
7 MORPHOLOGY OF RUBBER-CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES 181
7.1 Introduction / 181
7.2 Background for the Review of RCN Morphology / 182
7.3 Rubber-Clay Nanocomposites with Pristine Clays / 186
7.4 Rubber-Clay Nanocomposites with Clays Modified with Primary Alkenylamines / 197
7.5 Rubber-Clay Nanocomposites with Clays Modified with an Ammonium Cation Having three Methyls and One Long-Chain Alkenyl Substituents / 206
7.6 Rubber-Clay Nanocomposites with Montmorillonite Modified with Two Substituents Larger Than Methyl / 212
7.7 Rubber Composites with Montmorillonite Modified with an Ammonium Cation Containing a Polar Group / 215
7.8 Rubber Nanocomposites with Montmorillonite Modified with an Ammonium Cation Containing Two Long-Chain Alkenyl Substituents / 219
7.9 Proposed Mechanisms for the Formation of Rubber-Clay Nanocomposites / 228
Abbreviations / 232
Acknowledgment / 233
References / 233
8 RHEOLOGY OF RUBBER-CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES 241
8.1 Introduction / 241
8.2 Rheological Behavior of Rubber-Clay Nanocomposites / 242
8.3 General Remarks on Rheology of Rubber-Clay Nanocomposites / 263
8.4 Overview of Rheological Theories of Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites / 269
8.5 Conclusion and Outlook / 270
References / 271
9 VULCANIZATION CHARACTERISTICS AND CURING KINETIC OF RUBBER-ORGANOCLAY NANOCOMPOSITES 275
9.1 Introduction / 275
9.2 Vulcanization Reaction / 276
9.3 Rubber Cross-Linking Systems / 278
9.4 The Role of Organoclay on Vulcanization Reaction / 283
9.5 Vulcanization Kinetics of Rubber-Organoclay Nanocomposites / 290
9.6 Conclusions / 297
References / 298
10 MECHANICAL AND FRACTURE MECHANICS PROPERTIES OF RUBBER COMPOSITIONS WITH REINFORCING COMPONENTS 305
10.1 Introduction / 305
10.2 Testing of Viscoelastic and Mechanical Properties of Reinforced Elastomeric Materials / 307
10.3 Characterization of the Fracture Behavior of Elastomers / 319
10.4 Mechanism of Reinforcement in Rubber-Clay Composites / 328
10.5 Theories and Modeling of Reinforcement / 333
Acknowledgment / 336
References / 336
11 PERMEABILITY OF RUBBER COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING CLAY 343
11.1 Introduction / 343
11.2 Nanocomposites / 346
11.3 Preparation of Elastomer Nanocomposites / 352
11.4 Temperature and Compound Permeability / 352
11.5 Vulcanization of Nanocomposite Compounds and Permeability / 356
11.6 Thermodynamics and BIMSM Montmorillonite Nanocomposites / 358
11.7 Nanocomposites and Tire Performance / 362
11.8 Summary / 364
References / 364
SECTION III COMPOUNDS WITH RUBBER-CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES
12 RUBBER-CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES BASED ON APOLAR DIENE RUBBER 369
12.1 Introduction / 369
12.2 Preparation Methods / 371
12.3 Cure Characteristics / 377
12.4 Clay Dispersion / 379
12.5 Properties / 387
12.6 Applications and Future Trends / 398
Acknowledgment / 399
References / 399
13 RUBBER-CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES BASED ON NITRILE
RUBBER 409
13.1 Introduction / 409
13.2 Preparation Methods and Clay
Dispersion / 410
13.3 Cure Characteristics / 414
13.4 Properties / 416
13.5 Outlook / 425
Acknowledgment / 426
References / 426
xii CONTENTS
FOR SCREEN VIEWING IN DART ONLY
14 RUBBER-CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES BASED ON BUTYL AND
HALOBUTYL RUBBERS 431
14.1 Introduction / 431
and Applications / 431
14.2 Types of Clays Useful in Butyl Rubber-Clay
Nanocomposites / 435
14.3 Compatibilizer Systems for Butyl Rubber-Clay
Nanocomposites / 438
14.4 Methods of Preparation of Butyl Rubber-Clay Nanocomposites / 444
14.5 Properties and Applications of Butyl Rubber-Clay Nanocomposites / 449
14.6 Conclusions / 457
References / 458
15 RUBBER-CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES BASED ON OLEFINIC RUBBERS (EPM, EPDM) 465
15.1 Introduction / 465
15.2 Types of Clay Minerals Useful in EPM-, EPDM-Clay Nanocomposites / 466
15.3 Compatibilizer Systems for Olefinic Rubber-Clay Nanocomposites / 467
15.4 Preparation of EPDM-Clay Nanocomposites by an In Situ Intercalation Method / 469
15.5 Characteristics of EPDM-Clay Nanocomposites / 473
15.6 Preparation and Characteristics of EPM-Clay Nanocomposites / 479
15.7 Conclusions / 486
References / 486
16 RUBBER-CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES BASED ON THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS 489
16.1 Introduction / 489
16.2 Selection of Materials / 491
16.3 Experimental / 493
16.4 Numerical / 497
16.5 Discussion of Results / 501
16.6 Summary and Conclusions / 516
16.7 Nomenclature / 517
Acknowledgments / 518
References / 518
SECTION IV APPLICATIONS OF RUBBER-CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES
17 AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS OF RUBBER-CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES 525
17.1 Introduction / 525
17.2 Automotive Application of Rubber / 526
17.3 Prime Requirement of Different Elastomeric Auto Components from Application Point of View / 531
17.4 Elastomeric Nanocomposites and Rubber Industry / 531
17.5 Superiority of Clay/Clay Mineral in Comparison to Other Nanofillers / 534
17.6 Organo-Modified Clay/Clay Minerals / 534
17.7 Scope of Application of Elastomeric Nanocomposites in Automotive Industry / 534
17.8 Disadvantages of Use of Organoclay Elastomeric Nanocomposites in Automotive Industry / 548
17.9 Conclusion / 549
Acknowledgment / 550
References / 550
18 NONAUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS OF RUBBER-CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES 557
18.1 Water-Based Nanocomposites / 557
18.2 Applications / 566
References / 573
INDEX 575
