Zeolites and Catalysis
Synthesis, Reactions and Applications
1. Auflage April 2010
XXXVI, 882 Seiten, Hardcover
318 Abbildungen (42 Farbabbildungen)
75 Tabellen
Handbuch/Nachschlagewerk
ISBN:
978-3-527-32514-6
Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
Kurzbeschreibung
Edited by a highly experienced and internationally renowned team with chapters written by the "Who's Who" of zeolite research, this indispensable two-volume handbook covers everything from synthesis to characterization, and from modification to applications in industry.
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Weitere Versionen
Einfach alles über Zeolithe und Katalyse erfahren Sie aus diesen beiden topaktuellen Bänden. Der erste Teil konzentriert sich auf Synthese, Modifikation, Charakterisierung und Anwendung katalytisch aktiver Zeolithe; im Mittelpunkt des zweitens Teils stehen Reaktionstypen wie Cracken, Hydrocracken, Isomerisierungen und katalytische Reformierung.
Die Beiträge stammen von erfahrenen, international bekannten und fachlich führenden Spezialisten der Zeolithforschung.
Volume 1
Preface
SYNTHESIS MECHANISM: CRYSTAL GROWTH AND NUCLEATION
Introduction
Theory of Nucleation and Growth
Nucleation and Growth in Zeolites
Techniques
Case Studies
Conclusions and Outlook
SYNTHESIS APPROACHES
Introduction
Aluminophosphates
Mineralizers
Dry Gel Conversion Syntheses
Low Water Syntheses
Germanium Zeolites
Isomorphous Substitution
Structure-Directing Agents
SDA Modeling
Co-Templating
Layered Precursors
Nonaqueous Solvents
Summary and Outlook
IONOTHERMAL SYNTHESIS OF ZEOLITES AND OTHER POROUS MATERIALS
Introduction
Hydrothermal, Solvothermal, and Ionothermal Synthesis
Ionothermal Aluminophosphate Synthesis
Ionothermal Synthesis of Silica-Based Zeolites
Ionothermal Synthesis of Metal Organic Frameworks and Coordination Polymers
Ambient Pressure Ionothermal Synthesis
The Role of Cation-Templating, Co-Templating, or No Templating
The Role of Anion - Structure Induction
The Role of Water and Other Mineralizers
Unstable Ionic Liquids
Summary and Outlook
CO-TEMPLATES IN SYNTHESIS OF ZEOLITES
Introduction
Templating of Dual-Void Structures
Crystallization of Aluminophosphate-Type Materials
Combined Use of Templating and Pore-Filling Agents
Cooperative Structure-Directing Effects of Organic Molecules and Mineralizing Anions
Cooperative Structure-Directing Effect of Organic Molecules and Water
Control of Crystal Size and Morphology
Membrane Systems
Use of Co-Templates for Tailoring the Catalytic Activity of Microporous Materials
Summary and Outlook
MORPHOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS OF ZEOLITES
Introduction
Morphology of Large Zeolite Crystals
Morphology Control of MFI Zeolite Particles
Morphological Synthesis by MW
Summary and Outlook
POST-SYNTHETIC TREATMENT AND MODIFICATION OF ZEOLITES
Introduction
Direct Synthesis of Zeolites
Post-Synthetic Treatment and Modification of Zeolites
Summary and Outlook
STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY OF ZEOLITES
Introduction
Zeolite Structure Types Exemplified by Those Based on the Sodalite Cage
The Expanding Library of Zeolite Structures: Novel Structures, Novel Features
Summary and Outlook
VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY AND RELATED IN SITU STUDIES OF CATALYTIC REACTIONS WITHIN MOLECULAR SIEVES
Introduction
Acidity Determination with IR Spectroscopy of Probe Molecules
Zeolite Synthesis Processes
Selection of Zeolite-Based Catalytic Reactions
IR Microspectroscopy
Concluding Remarks and Look into the Future
TEXTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF MESOPOROUS ZEOLITES
Introduction
Methods for Generating Meso- and Macropores in Zeolites
Characterization of Textural Properties of Mesoporous Zeolites
Summary and Outlook
ALUMINUM IN ZEOLITES: WHERE IS IT AND WHAT IS ITS STRUCTURE?
Introduction
Structure of Aluminum Species in Zeolites
Where is the Aluminum in Zeolite Crystals?
Summary and Outlook
THEORETICAL CHEMISTRY OF ZEOLITE REACTIVITY
Introduction
Methodology
Activation of Hydrocarbons in Zeolites: The Role of Dispersion Interactions
Molecular-Level Understanding of Complex Catalytic Reactions: MTO Process
Molecular Recognition and Confinement-Driven Reactivity
Structural Properties of Zeolites: Framework Al Distribution and Structure and Charge Compensation of Extra-Framework Cations
Summary and Outlook
MODELING OF TRANSPORT AND ACCESSIBILITY IN ZEOLITES
Introduction
Molecular Models
Simulation Methods
Molecular Modeling Applied to Processes Involving Zeolites
Summary and Outlook
DIFFUSION IN ZEOLITES - IMPACT ON CATALYSIS
Introduction
Diffusion and Reaction in Zeolites: Basic Concepts
Diffusion in Zeolites: Potential Issues
Pore Structure, Diffusion, and Activity at the Subcrystal Level
Improving Transport through Zeolite Crystals
Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook
Volume 2
Preface
SPECIAL APPLICATIONS OF ZEOLITES
Introduction
Zeolite Membranes
Host-Guest Interactions
Medical and Veterinary Applications
Other Applications
Summary and Outlook
ORGANIZATION OF ZEOLITE MICROCRYSTALS
Introduction
Organization of Zeolite Microcrystals into Functional Materials by Self-Assembly
Monolayer Assembly of Zeolite Microcrystals by Dry Manual Assembly
Current and Future Applications
Summary and Outlook
INDUSTRIAL POTENTIAL OF ZEOLITES
Introduction
Application of Zeolites in Slurry Processes
Rebalancing the Refinery Products Slate
Advanced Separation Technologies
Zeolites and Environmental Protection: Groundwater Remediation
New Materials for Emerging Applications
Summary and Outlook
CATALYTICALLY ACTIVES SITES: GENERATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
Introduction
Acid Sites in Zeolites
Characterization of Acid Sites
Base Catalysis
Characterization of Base Sites in Zeolites
Metal Clusters in Zeolites
Characterization of Metal Clusters in Zeolites
Summary and Outlook
CRACKING AND HYDROCRACKING
Introduction
FCC
Hydrocracking
Summary and Outlook
NAPHTHA REFORMING AND UPGRADING OF DIESEL FRACTIONS
Introduction
Catalytic Reforming
Upgrading Diesel Fractions: Catalytic Dewaxing
Summary and Outlook
RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN TRANSFORMATIONS OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS OVER ZEOLITES
Introduction
Zeolites under Study
Toluene Disproportionation
Ethylbenzene Disproportionation
Disproportionation and Transalkylation of Trimethylbenezene
Alkylation of Aromatics
Miscellaneous
Summary and Outlook
ADVANCED CATALYSTS BASED ON MICRO- AND MESOPOROUS MOLECULAR SIEVES FOR THE CONVERSION OF NATURAL GAS TO FUELS AND CHEMICALS
Introduction
Direct Conversion of Methane
Syngas Conversion Processes
Summary and Outlook
METHANOL TO OLEFINS (MTO) AND METHANOL TO GASOLINE (MTG)
Introduction
Mechanism and Kinetics of the MTO and MTG Reactions
Methanol to Olefins (MTO)
Methanol to Gasoline (MTG)
Methanol to Propene (MTP)
TIGAS Process
Mobil¿s Olefin-to-Gasoline and Distillate Process (MOGD)
Summary and Outlook
METALS IN ZEOLITES FOR OXIDATION CATALYSIS
Introduction
Titanium-Containing Zeolites
Other-Metal-Containing Zeolites
Conclusion
ENVIRONMENTAL CATALYSIS OVER ZEOLITES
Introduction
A Glimpse into Opportunities and Issues
Fields of Applications
Summary and Outlook
ZEOLITES AS CATALYSTS FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF FINE CHEMICALS
Introduction
Acid-Catalyzed Reactions
Base-Catalyzed Reactions
Summary and Outlook
ZEOLITES AND MOLECULAR SIEVES IN FUEL CELL APPLICATIONS
Introduction
Zeolites in Electrolyte Membrane
Zeolite Electrocatalysts
Zeolites and Molecular Sieves in Fuel Processing
Summary and Outlook
Preface
SYNTHESIS MECHANISM: CRYSTAL GROWTH AND NUCLEATION
Introduction
Theory of Nucleation and Growth
Nucleation and Growth in Zeolites
Techniques
Case Studies
Conclusions and Outlook
SYNTHESIS APPROACHES
Introduction
Aluminophosphates
Mineralizers
Dry Gel Conversion Syntheses
Low Water Syntheses
Germanium Zeolites
Isomorphous Substitution
Structure-Directing Agents
SDA Modeling
Co-Templating
Layered Precursors
Nonaqueous Solvents
Summary and Outlook
IONOTHERMAL SYNTHESIS OF ZEOLITES AND OTHER POROUS MATERIALS
Introduction
Hydrothermal, Solvothermal, and Ionothermal Synthesis
Ionothermal Aluminophosphate Synthesis
Ionothermal Synthesis of Silica-Based Zeolites
Ionothermal Synthesis of Metal Organic Frameworks and Coordination Polymers
Ambient Pressure Ionothermal Synthesis
The Role of Cation-Templating, Co-Templating, or No Templating
The Role of Anion - Structure Induction
The Role of Water and Other Mineralizers
Unstable Ionic Liquids
Summary and Outlook
CO-TEMPLATES IN SYNTHESIS OF ZEOLITES
Introduction
Templating of Dual-Void Structures
Crystallization of Aluminophosphate-Type Materials
Combined Use of Templating and Pore-Filling Agents
Cooperative Structure-Directing Effects of Organic Molecules and Mineralizing Anions
Cooperative Structure-Directing Effect of Organic Molecules and Water
Control of Crystal Size and Morphology
Membrane Systems
Use of Co-Templates for Tailoring the Catalytic Activity of Microporous Materials
Summary and Outlook
MORPHOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS OF ZEOLITES
Introduction
Morphology of Large Zeolite Crystals
Morphology Control of MFI Zeolite Particles
Morphological Synthesis by MW
Summary and Outlook
POST-SYNTHETIC TREATMENT AND MODIFICATION OF ZEOLITES
Introduction
Direct Synthesis of Zeolites
Post-Synthetic Treatment and Modification of Zeolites
Summary and Outlook
STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY OF ZEOLITES
Introduction
Zeolite Structure Types Exemplified by Those Based on the Sodalite Cage
The Expanding Library of Zeolite Structures: Novel Structures, Novel Features
Summary and Outlook
VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY AND RELATED IN SITU STUDIES OF CATALYTIC REACTIONS WITHIN MOLECULAR SIEVES
Introduction
Acidity Determination with IR Spectroscopy of Probe Molecules
Zeolite Synthesis Processes
Selection of Zeolite-Based Catalytic Reactions
IR Microspectroscopy
Concluding Remarks and Look into the Future
TEXTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF MESOPOROUS ZEOLITES
Introduction
Methods for Generating Meso- and Macropores in Zeolites
Characterization of Textural Properties of Mesoporous Zeolites
Summary and Outlook
ALUMINUM IN ZEOLITES: WHERE IS IT AND WHAT IS ITS STRUCTURE?
Introduction
Structure of Aluminum Species in Zeolites
Where is the Aluminum in Zeolite Crystals?
Summary and Outlook
THEORETICAL CHEMISTRY OF ZEOLITE REACTIVITY
Introduction
Methodology
Activation of Hydrocarbons in Zeolites: The Role of Dispersion Interactions
Molecular-Level Understanding of Complex Catalytic Reactions: MTO Process
Molecular Recognition and Confinement-Driven Reactivity
Structural Properties of Zeolites: Framework Al Distribution and Structure and Charge Compensation of Extra-Framework Cations
Summary and Outlook
MODELING OF TRANSPORT AND ACCESSIBILITY IN ZEOLITES
Introduction
Molecular Models
Simulation Methods
Molecular Modeling Applied to Processes Involving Zeolites
Summary and Outlook
DIFFUSION IN ZEOLITES - IMPACT ON CATALYSIS
Introduction
Diffusion and Reaction in Zeolites: Basic Concepts
Diffusion in Zeolites: Potential Issues
Pore Structure, Diffusion, and Activity at the Subcrystal Level
Improving Transport through Zeolite Crystals
Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook
Volume 2
Preface
SPECIAL APPLICATIONS OF ZEOLITES
Introduction
Zeolite Membranes
Host-Guest Interactions
Medical and Veterinary Applications
Other Applications
Summary and Outlook
ORGANIZATION OF ZEOLITE MICROCRYSTALS
Introduction
Organization of Zeolite Microcrystals into Functional Materials by Self-Assembly
Monolayer Assembly of Zeolite Microcrystals by Dry Manual Assembly
Current and Future Applications
Summary and Outlook
INDUSTRIAL POTENTIAL OF ZEOLITES
Introduction
Application of Zeolites in Slurry Processes
Rebalancing the Refinery Products Slate
Advanced Separation Technologies
Zeolites and Environmental Protection: Groundwater Remediation
New Materials for Emerging Applications
Summary and Outlook
CATALYTICALLY ACTIVES SITES: GENERATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
Introduction
Acid Sites in Zeolites
Characterization of Acid Sites
Base Catalysis
Characterization of Base Sites in Zeolites
Metal Clusters in Zeolites
Characterization of Metal Clusters in Zeolites
Summary and Outlook
CRACKING AND HYDROCRACKING
Introduction
FCC
Hydrocracking
Summary and Outlook
NAPHTHA REFORMING AND UPGRADING OF DIESEL FRACTIONS
Introduction
Catalytic Reforming
Upgrading Diesel Fractions: Catalytic Dewaxing
Summary and Outlook
RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN TRANSFORMATIONS OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS OVER ZEOLITES
Introduction
Zeolites under Study
Toluene Disproportionation
Ethylbenzene Disproportionation
Disproportionation and Transalkylation of Trimethylbenezene
Alkylation of Aromatics
Miscellaneous
Summary and Outlook
ADVANCED CATALYSTS BASED ON MICRO- AND MESOPOROUS MOLECULAR SIEVES FOR THE CONVERSION OF NATURAL GAS TO FUELS AND CHEMICALS
Introduction
Direct Conversion of Methane
Syngas Conversion Processes
Summary and Outlook
METHANOL TO OLEFINS (MTO) AND METHANOL TO GASOLINE (MTG)
Introduction
Mechanism and Kinetics of the MTO and MTG Reactions
Methanol to Olefins (MTO)
Methanol to Gasoline (MTG)
Methanol to Propene (MTP)
TIGAS Process
Mobil¿s Olefin-to-Gasoline and Distillate Process (MOGD)
Summary and Outlook
METALS IN ZEOLITES FOR OXIDATION CATALYSIS
Introduction
Titanium-Containing Zeolites
Other-Metal-Containing Zeolites
Conclusion
ENVIRONMENTAL CATALYSIS OVER ZEOLITES
Introduction
A Glimpse into Opportunities and Issues
Fields of Applications
Summary and Outlook
ZEOLITES AS CATALYSTS FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF FINE CHEMICALS
Introduction
Acid-Catalyzed Reactions
Base-Catalyzed Reactions
Summary and Outlook
ZEOLITES AND MOLECULAR SIEVES IN FUEL CELL APPLICATIONS
Introduction
Zeolites in Electrolyte Membrane
Zeolite Electrocatalysts
Zeolites and Molecular Sieves in Fuel Processing
Summary and Outlook
Prof. AVELINO CORMA was born in Moncófar, Spain in 1951. He studied Chemistry at the Universidad de Valencia (1967-1973), and received his Ph.D. at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid in 1976. He was a Postdoctoral researcher in the Department of chemical engineering at the Queen?s University (Canada, 1977-79). Prof. Corma is the director of the Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC) at the Universidad Politécnica de Valencia since 1990. His current research field is catalysis, and molecular sieves covering aspects of synthesis, characterization and reactivity in acid-base and redox catalysis. Avelino Corma is co-author of more than 700 articles and 100 patents on these subjects.
Prof. JIRÍ CEJKA was born in Roudnice nad Labem, former Czechoslovakia, in 1960. He studied at the Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague and received his Ph.D. at the J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry in Prague in 1988. At present he is a head of the Department of Synthesis and Catalysis at J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry in Prague and lecturer at the Faculty of Natural Sciences of Charles University in Prague. In 2005 he chaired the 3rd FEZA Conference on Zeolites in Prague. His research interests comprise: synthesis of zeolites, mesoporous and novel nano-structured materials, physical chemistry of sorption and catalysis, and investigation of the role of porous catalysts in transformations of hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Jirí Cejka is co-author of about 200 research papers and co-editor of 5 books.
Dr. STACEY I. ZONES is a Research Fellow at Chevron's Energy and Technology Center in Richmond, CA, USA. He is the senior researcher in a group which strives to invent and explore newer zeolites and then follow through in finding applications for their use, ways to tailor their properties and methods to develop more econmical routes to introduce them into the commercial world. The group also looks for novel applications of zeolites in emerging technologies. Dr. Zones has been a co-inventor on more than 100 patents and a co-author on more than 100 journal publications. He has also been a frequent speaker and participant in the zeolite conferences around the world, and is a mentoring collaborator for elements of zeolite research programs at several universities.
Prof. JIRÍ CEJKA was born in Roudnice nad Labem, former Czechoslovakia, in 1960. He studied at the Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague and received his Ph.D. at the J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry in Prague in 1988. At present he is a head of the Department of Synthesis and Catalysis at J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry in Prague and lecturer at the Faculty of Natural Sciences of Charles University in Prague. In 2005 he chaired the 3rd FEZA Conference on Zeolites in Prague. His research interests comprise: synthesis of zeolites, mesoporous and novel nano-structured materials, physical chemistry of sorption and catalysis, and investigation of the role of porous catalysts in transformations of hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Jirí Cejka is co-author of about 200 research papers and co-editor of 5 books.
Dr. STACEY I. ZONES is a Research Fellow at Chevron's Energy and Technology Center in Richmond, CA, USA. He is the senior researcher in a group which strives to invent and explore newer zeolites and then follow through in finding applications for their use, ways to tailor their properties and methods to develop more econmical routes to introduce them into the commercial world. The group also looks for novel applications of zeolites in emerging technologies. Dr. Zones has been a co-inventor on more than 100 patents and a co-author on more than 100 journal publications. He has also been a frequent speaker and participant in the zeolite conferences around the world, and is a mentoring collaborator for elements of zeolite research programs at several universities.
