Handbook of Liquid Crystals

VOLUME 1: Fundamentals of Liquid Crystals

PART I - INTRODUCTION
Introduction and Historical Perspectives of Liquid Crystals
Classification of Liquid Crystals According to Symmetry
Phase Transitions: General and Fundamental Aspects, First and Second Order Transitions, Typical Ranges, Monotropic and Enantiotropic Transitions, Supercooling, Thermodynamics

PART II - BASICS OF LIQUID CRYSTALS
Continuum Theory for Liquid Crystals
Molecular Theories of Liquid Crystals
Synthetic Strategies for Liquid Crystals
Symmetry and Chirality in Liquid Crystals
Chemical Structure and Mesogenic Properties

PART III - CHARACTERIZATION OF LIQUID CRYSTALS
Optical Microscopy Studies of Liquid Crystals
X-ray Scattering Investigations of Liquid Crystals
Imaging: AFM, STM, TEM, Freeze Fracture Studies, Fluorescence and Confocal Microscopy
Mixed Systems: Phase Diagrams, Phase Rules, Eutectics, Re-Entrant Phases, Induced Phases, Miscibility Studies
Magnetic Resonance
Neutron Scattering
Light Scattering from Liquid Crystals
Investigation of Chirality Properties

VOLUME 2: Physical Properties and Phase Behavior of Liquid Crystals

PART I - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Tensor Properties of Anisotropic Materials
Magnetic Properties of Liquid Crystals
Optical Properties of Liquid Crystals
Dielectric Properties of Liquid Crystals
Elastic Properties of Liquid Crystals
Defects and Textures of Liquid Crystals
Viscosity
Behaviour of Liquid Crystals in Electric and Magnetic fields
Surface Alignment of Liquid Crystals
Nonlinear Optical Properties of Liquid Crystals
Ion Transport in Liquid Crystals
Phase Transition Theories

PART II - PHASE BEHAVIOR
Thermal Studies in Liquid Crystals
Density in Liquid Crystals
High Pressure Investigations of Liquid Crystals
Reentrant Phase Transitions in Liquid Crystals

VOLUME 3: Nematic and Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystals

PART I - COMMON FEATURES OF NEMATIC LIQUID CRYSTALS
Phase Structures of Nematic Liquid Crystals
Phase Transitions in Liquid Crystals
Designing Principles and Synthesis of Materials for Nematic Liquid Crystals

PART II - CONVENTIONAL NEMATIC LIQUID CRYSTALS
Nematic Liquid Crystals for Display Applications
Elastic Properties of Nematic Liquid Crystals
Dielectric Properties of Nematic Liquid Crystals
Diamagnetic Properties of Nematic Liquid Crystals
Optical Properties of Nematic Liquid Crystals
Dynamic Properties of Nematic Liquid Crystals

PART III - DISCOTIC, BIAXIAL AND CHIRAL NEMATIC LIQUID CRYSTALS
Design and Synthesis of Nematic Phases Formed by Disc-Like Molecules
Synthesis of Biaxial Nematic Liquid Crystals
Structures and Properties of Biaxial Nematic Liquid Crystals
Physical Investigations of Biaxial Nematic Liquid Crystals
Molecular Design and Synthesis of Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystals
Structures and Optical Properties of Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystals
Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystals and Electric, Magnetic, and Mechanical Fields

PART IV - BLUE PHASES
Design of Blue Phase Materials
Structures of Blue Phases and Other Frustrated Nematic Liquid Crystals
Polymer and Colloid-Stabilized Blue Phases

VOLUME 4: Smectic and Columnar Liquid Crystals

PART I - NON-CHIRAL SMECTIC LIQUID CRYSTALS
Design and Synthesis of Smectic Liquid Crystals
Structures and Properties of Smectic Liquid Crystals

PART II - CHIRAL SMECTIC LIQUID CRYSTALS
Synthesis of Chiral Smectic Liquid Crystals
Structures of Chiral Smectic Liquid Crystals
Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals
Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystals
Other Chiral Smectic Liquid Crystal Phases: Alpha, Electroclinic, Intermediate
High Chirality Mesophases: TGB, SmBlue, Cubic, Tetragonal

PART III - COLUMNAR LIQUID CRYSTALS OF DISC-LIKE MOLECULES
Design Concepts and Synthesis of Discotic Liquid Crystals
Structure and Physical Properties of Columnar Liquid Crystals
Electrical, Magnetic and Mechanical Fields and Discotic Nematic Liquid Crystals

PART IV - BENT-CORE LIQUID CRYSTALS
Design and Synthesis of Bent-Core Liquid Crystals
Phase Structures and Physical Properties of Bent-Core Liquid Crystals
Electrical, Magnetic and Mechanical Fields and Bent-Core Liquid Crystals
Columnar Liquid Crystal Phases of Bent-Core Mesogens

VOLUME 5: Non-Conventional Liquid Crystals

Microphase Segregation in Conventional Liquid Crystals
Microphase Segregation in Non-Conventional Liquid Crystals
Laterally Substituted and Swallow-Tailed Liquid Crystals/Phasmids and Polyatenar Mesogens
Metal-Containing Liquid Crystals
Star Mesogens
Fullero-Liquid Crystals
Thermotropic Cubic Liquid Crystal Phases, other 3D Phases and Quasi Crystals
Polyphilic Molecules and Polygonal Cylilnder Phases
Rod-Coil Molecules
Hydrogen-Bonded Systems: Discrete Defined Aggregates and Intramolecular H-Bonding, Amides, Carboxylic Acids, Heterocycles
Liquid Crystal Rotaxanes and Catenanes

VOLUME 6: Nanostructured and Amphiphilic Liquid Crystals

PART I - NANOSTRUCTURED LIQUID CRYSTALS
Liquid Crystal Physical Gels
Nanoparticle and Nanostructured Liquid Crystals
Mineral Liquid Crystals, Particles in Solvents
Carbon Nanotubes in Liquid Crystals
Liquid Crystals in Confined Geometries
Colloid Crystals in Nematic Liquid Crystals
Virus Particle-Based Liquid Crystals

PART II - AMPHIPHILIC LIQUID CRYSTALS
Ionic Self Assembly and Amphotropic Ionic Liquid Crystals
Amphotropic H-Bonding Liquid Crystals
Lipid Self-Assembly
Liquid Crystal Crown Ethers and Oligo(ethylene Oxides)
Lyotropic Surfactant Liquid Crystals, Micellar Systems
Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett Films of Liquid Crystals and Self-Assembled Films of Liquid Crystals on Surface
Chromonic Liquid Crystals

VOLUME 7: Supermolecular and Polymeric Liquid Crystals

PART I - LIQUID CRYSTALS IN BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURES
Liquid Crystals in Living Systems and Liquid Crystals in the Development of Life
Biomembranes
Cellulosic Liquid Crystals
Silk and Fibers, Collagens

PART II - DIMESOGENS, OLIGOMESOGENS AND DENDRIMERS
Liquid Crystal Dimers and Oligomers
Supermolecular Liquid Crystals
Liquid Crystal Dendrimers and Hyperbranched Liquid Crystals

Part III - Main-Chain and Side-Group Thermotropic Liquid-Crystalline Polymers
Aromatic Main Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers
Main-Chain and Side-Chain LC Polymers with Disc-Like Segments
Liquid Crystal Polysilanes
Design and Synthesis of Side Chain Liquid Crystal Polymers
Structure and Properties of Side Group Thermotropic Liquid Crystal Polymers
Side-On Type Side-Chain and Main-Chain/Side-Chain Combined Liquid Crystalline Polymers

PART IV - BLOCK COPOLYMERS AND POLYMER NETWORKS
Polymer Networks
Liquid Crystalline Elastomers
Block Copolymers Containing Liquid Crystalline Segments

VOLUME 8: Applications of Liquid Crystals

PART I - DISPLAY DEVICES
TN, STN and Guest-Host Liquid Crystal Display Devices
In-Plane Switching Display Devices
Vertically Aligned Nematic Display Devices
Bistable Nematic Display Devices
Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays
SmecticA Liquid Crystal Displays
Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Displays
Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Hosts for Displays
Antiferroic Liquid Crystals
Blue Phase and Isotropic Displays

PART II - NON-DISPLAY APPLICATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Applications of Liquid Crystals in Telecommunication
Adaptive Optics and Lenses
Photonic Micro- and Nanostructures, Metamaterials
Lasing
Nonlinear Optics
Holography and Information Storage
Thermography and Stress Imaging Using Liquid Crystals
Photoresponsive, Photosensitive and Photoalignable Materials
Liquid Crystal Dyes
Liquid Crystal Semiconductors
Liquid Crystal Semiconductors: Oligothiophenes and Related Materials
Redox-Active (Electrochromic) Liquid Crystals
Liquid Crystals as Ion Conductors
Electromechanical Effects
Optomechanical Devices
Applications of Bent-Core Mesogens
Applications of Mineral Liquid Crystals
Magnetic Liquid Crystals, Liquid Crystal Radicals and Carbenes
Molecular Machines
Liquid Crystals in Biological Imaging and Biomechanical Devices
Sensing Biomolecules using Liquid Crystals

John W. Goodby FRS is Chair of Materials Chemistry at the University of York. Previously he was Supervisor of the Liquid Crystal Materials Group at AT&T Bell Laboratories, USA, for ten years, and Head of the Advanced Materials Group at Hull University for 15. He has received numerous awards from the Royal Society of Chemistry for his research including the Tilden Medal for advances in chemistry, the Interdisciplinary Award for work at the interfaces between chemistry and other disciplines, and the Derek Birchall Medal for creativity and excellence in the applications of materials chemistry in industry. He has been awarded the GW Gray Medal of the British Liquid Crystal Society and was made an Honored Member of the International Liquid Crystal Society. He has over 480 published research papers and holds 56 international patents. In 2011 he was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society.

Peter J. Collings is the Morris L. Clothier Professor of Physics at Swarthmore College in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, USA and an Adjunct Professor of Physics at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. He is a Fellow of both the American Physical Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Prior permanent and visiting appointments include Kenyon College, Kent State University, the University of Paderborn, the Technical University Berlin, and the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, DC. His research and teaching experience has been recognized by several awards, including the American Physical Society Prize for Research in an Undergraduate Institution and the Alan Berman Research Publication Award of the Naval Research Laboratory.

Takashi Kato is presently Full Professor at the University of Tokyo, Japan. He has published about 300 papers including original papers, reviews, and book chapters. His research focuses on supramolecular liquid crystals, stimuli-responsive materials, liquid-crystalline gels and organic/inorganic composites inspired by biomineralization. Takashi Kato received numerous prestigious honors, including the Young Chemists Award of the Chemical Society of Japan, the Wiley Polymer Science Award in Chemistry and the Award of Japanese Liquid Crystal Society.

Carsten Tschierske is Professor at the Department of Organic Chemistry of the University of Halle-Wittenberg, Germany. Research in his group is centered around self-organization in liquid crystalline systems. Current efforts include bent-core mesogens, amphiphilic and amphotropic systems, multi-level segregating systems with complex superstructures as well as polar order and supramolecular chirality in soft matter. Carsten Tschierske has held visiting professor positions at the universities of Marburg, Würzburg and Fukuoka.

Helen F. Gleeson is Professor of Physics at the University of Manchester, UK, and has held positions including Head of School of Physics and Astronomy and Research Dean in the Faculty of Science and Engineering at Manchester. She has published more than 130 articles and eight patents. Helen has held visiting professor positions at the Universities of Sydney, Case Western Reserve University and Griffith University in Brisbane. Her research interests involve understanding structures in thermotropic liquid crystals studied by novel X-ray scattering and optical techniques, focused particularly on the intermediate smectic phases, blue phases and phases formed from bent-core molecules. She has also used optical traps and tweezers to probe liquid crystalline systems on a mesoscopic scale. Her strong interest in applications involving liquid crystals has led to patents describing novel sensors, optical devices and to the application of graphene in liquid crystal devices. She has been awarded the Cyril Hilsum and G W Gray Medals of the British Liquid Crystal Society and the Holweck Medal and Prize, a bilateral award made by the Institute of Physics and Société Française de Physique. She was awarded the OBE (Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire) in the Queen's birthday honors list in 2009 for Services to Science, recognizing her work on public understanding and encouraging more women into physics.


Peter Raynes FRS is Honorary Visiting Professor in the Department of Chemistry at the University of York and Emeritus Professor of Optoelectronic Engineering at the University of Oxford. Previously he had been Deputy Chief Scientific Officer at the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment at Malvern, and Director of Research at the Sharp Laboratories of Europe. He has published more than 130 research papers and authored more than 60 patents in the field of liquid crystals. His research has resulted in two Queen's Awards for Technological Achievement and he has received numerous other awards. These include the Rank Prize for Opto-electronics, the Paterson Medal of the Institute of Physics, the Jan Rajchman Prize of the Society for Information Display, and the G W Gray Medal of the British Liquid Crystal Society.

J. W. Goodby, University of York, UK; P. J. Collings, University of York, UK; T. Kato, University of York, UK; C. Tschierske, University of York, UK; H. Gleeson, University of York, UK; P. Raynes, University of York, UK