Understanding Solids
The Science of Materials
2. Edition April 2013
584 Pages, Hardcover
Textbook
Short Description
Hailed by the reviews as an extremely wide-ranging, useful book, this book provides a modern introduction to the chemistry and physics of solids. It offers a unique integrated approach, equally accessible to scientists and engineers. This new edition has been thoroughly updated, including revised sections on computing methods for solving materials problems, plus coverage of the many advances made in the past 10 years in batteries, solar cells, lighting technology, lasers, electronics, carbon nanotubes, and the Fukashima nuclear disaster. A companion website also includes Powerpoint slides.
The second edition of a modern introduction to the chemistry and physics of solids. This textbook takes a unique integrated approach designed to appeal to both science and engineering students.
Review of 1st edition
"an extremely wide-ranging, useful book that is accessible to anyone with a firm grasp of high school science...this is an outstanding and affordable resource for the lifelong learner or current student." Choice, 2005
The book provides an introduction to the chemistry and physics of solids that acts as a foundation to courses in materials science, engineering, chemistry, and physics. It is equally accessible to both engineers and scientists, through its more scientific approach, whilst still covering the material essential to engineers.
This edition contains new sections on the use of computing methods to solve materials problems and has been thoroughly updated to include the many developments and advances made in the past 10 years, e.g. batteries, solar cells, lighting technology, lasers, graphene and graphene electronics, carbon nanotubes, and the Fukashima nuclear disaster.
The book is carefully structured into self-contained bite-sized chapters to enhance student understanding and questions have been designed to reinforce the concepts presented.
The supplementary website includes Powerpoint slides and a host of additional problems and solutions.
Preface to the First Edition xix
PART 1 STRUCTURES AND MICROSTRUCTURES 1
1 The electron structure of atoms 3
1.1 The hydrogen atom 3
1.2 Many-electron atoms 7
1.3 Atomic energy levels 11
Further reading 15
Problems and exercises 16
2 Chemical bonding 19
2.1 Ionic bonding 19
2.2 Covalent bonding 24
2.3 Metallic bonding and energy bands 35
Further reading 45
Problems and exercises 46
3 States of aggregation 49
3.1 Weak chemical bonds 49
3.2 Macrostructures, microstructures and nanostructures 52
3.3 The development of microstructures 57
3.4 Point defects 60
3.5 Linear, planar and volume defects 68
Further reading 73
Problems and exercises 73
4 Phase diagrams 77
4.1 Phases and phase diagrams 77
4.2 Binary phase diagrams 80
4.3 The iron-carbon system near to iron 88
4.4 Ternary systems 90
4.5 Calculation of phase diagrams: CALPHAD 93
Further reading 94
Problems and exercises 94
5 Crystallography and crystal structures 101
5.1 Crystallography 101
5.2 The determination of crystal structures 114
5.3 Crystal structures 118
5.4 Structural relationships 126
Further reading 131
Problems and exercises 131
PART 2 CLASSES OF MATERIALS 137
6 Metals, ceramics, polymers and composites 139
6.1 Metals 139
6.2 Ceramics 147
6.3 Silicate glasses 154
6.4 Polymers 161
6.5 Composite materials 177
Further reading 181
Problems and exercises 182
PART 3 REACTIONS AND TRANSFORMATIONS 189
7 Diffusion and ionic conductivity 191
7.1 Self-diffusion, tracer diffusion and tracer impurity diffusion 191
7.2 Non-steady-state diffusion 194
7.3 Steady-state diffusion 195
7.4 Temperature variation of diffusion coefficient 195
7.5 The effect of impurities 196
7.6 Random walk diffusion 197
7.7 Diffusion in solids 198
7.8 Self-diffusion in one dimension 199
7.9 Self-diffusion in crystals 201
7.10 The Arrhenius equation and point defects 202
7.11 Correlation factors for self-diffusion 204
7.12 Ionic conductivity 205
Further reading 209
Problems and exercises 209
8 Phase transformations and reactions 213
8.1 Sintering 213
8.2 First-order and second-order phase transitions 216
8.3 Displacive and reconstructive transitions 218
8.4 Order-disorder transitions 221
8.5 Martensitic transformations 223
8.6 Phase diagrams and microstructures 230
8.7 High-temperature oxidation of metals 236
8.8 Solid-state reactions 240
Further reading 242
Problems and exercises 242
9 Oxidation and reduction 247
9.1 Galvanic cells 247
9.2 Chemical analysis using galvanic cells 251
9.3 Batteries 255
9.4 Corrosion 262
9.5 Electrolysis 266
9.6 Pourbaix diagrams 270
Further reading 274
Problems and exercises 275
PART 4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 279
10 Mechanical properties of solids 281
10.1 Strength and hardness 281
10.2 Elastic moduli 289
10.3 Deformation and fracture 295
10.4 Time-dependent properties 307
10.5 Nanoscale properties 312
10.6 Composite materials 317
Further reading 320
Problems and exercises 321
11 Insulating solids 327
11.1 Dielectrics 327
11.2 Piezoelectrics, pyroelectrics and ferroelectrics 333
11.3 Ferroelectrics 340
Further reading 354
Problems and exercises 355
12 Magnetic solids 361
12.1 Magnetic materials 361
12.2 Paramagnetic materials 368
12.3 Ferromagnetic materials 374
12.4 Antiferromagnetic materials and superexchange 381
12.5 Ferrimagnetic materials 382
12.6 Nanostructures 385
12.7 Magnetic defects 389
Further reading 393
Problems and exercises 393
13 Electronic conductivity in solids 399
13.1 Metals 399
13.2 Semiconductors 405
13.3 Metal-insulator transitions 416
13.4 Conducting polymers 420
13.5 Nanostructures and quantum confinement of electrons 423
13.6 Superconductivity 426
Further reading 438
Problems and exercises 438
14 Optical aspects of solids 445
14.1 Light 445
14.2 Sources of light 449
14.3 Colour and appearance 460
14.4 Refraction and dispersion 462
14.5 Reflection 466
14.6 Scattering 472
14.7 Diffraction 475
14.8 Fibre optics 479
14.9 Energy conversion 483
14.10 Nanostructures 486
Further reading 489
Problems and exercises 489
15 Thermal properties 495
15.1 Heat capacity 495
15.2 Thermal conductivity 498
15.3 Expansion and contraction 501
15.4 Thermoelectric effects 506
15.5 The magnetocaloric effect 512
Further reading 514
Problems and exercises 514
PART 5 NUCLEAR PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS 517
16 Radioactivity and nuclear reactions 519
16.1 Radioactivity 519
16.2 Artificial radioactive atoms 524
16.3 Nuclear decay 527
16.4 Nuclear energy 531
16.5 Nuclear waste 536
Further reading 538
Problems and exercises 539
Subject Index 543
