Air Pollution Prevention and Control
Bioreactors and Bioenergy
1. Edition April 2013
570 Pages, Hardcover
Wiley & Sons Ltd
ISBN:
978-1-119-94331-0
John Wiley & Sons
Short Description
Over the past two decades, the use of microbes to remove pollutants from contaminated air streams has become a widely accepted and efficient alternative to the classical physical and chemical treatment technologies. This book focuses on biotechnological alternatives, looking at both the optimization of bioreactors and the development of cleaner biofuels. It is the first reference work to give a broad overview of bioprocesses for the mitigation of air pollution. Essential reading for researchers and students in environmental engineering, biotechnology, and applied microbiology, and industrial and governmental researchers.
In recent years, air pollution has become a major worldwide concern. Air pollutants can affect metabolic activity, impede healthy development, and exhibit carcinogenic and toxic properties in humans. Over the past two decades, the use of microbes to remove pollutants from contaminated air streams has become a widely accepted and efficient alternative to the classical physical and chemical treatment technologies. Air Pollution Prevention and Control: Bioreactors and Bioenergy focusses on these biotechnological alternatives looking at both the optimization of bioreactors and the development of cleaner biofuels.
Structured in five parts, the book covers:
* Fundamentals and microbiological aspects
* Biofilters, bioscrubbers and other end-of-pipe treatment technologies
* Specific applications of bioreactors
* Biofuels production from pollutants and renewable resources (including biogas, biohydrogen, biodiesel and bioethanol) and its environmental impacts
* Case studies of applications including biotrickling filtration of waste gases, industrial bioscrubbers applied in different industries and biogas upgrading
Air Pollution Prevention and Control: Bioreactors and Bioenergy is the first reference work to give a broad overview of bioprocesses for the mitigation of air pollution. Primarily intended for researchers and students in environmental engineering, biotechnology and applied microbiology, the book will also be of interest to industrial and governmental researchers.
List of Contributors xix
Preface xxi
I FUNDAMENTALS AND MICROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS 1
1 Introduction to Air Pollution 3
Christian Kennes and Maria C. Veiga
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Types and sources of air pollutants 3
1.3 Air pollution control technologies 11
1.4 Conclusions 17
References 17
2 Biodegradation and Bioconversion of Volatile Pollutants 19
Christian Kennes, Haris N. Abubackar and Maria C. Veiga
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Biodegradation of volatile compounds 20
2.3 Mass balance calculations 24
2.4 Bioconversion of volatile compounds 25
2.5 Conclusions 27
References 27
3 Identification and Characterization of Microbial Communities in Bioreactors 31
Luc Malhautier, L. Cabrol, S. Bayle and J.-L. Fanlo
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 Molecular techniques to characterize the microbial communities in bioreactors 32
3.3 The link of microbial community structure with ecological function in engineered ecosystems 42
References 47
II BIOREACTORS FOR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 57
4 Biofilters 59
Eldon R. Rene, Maria C. Veiga and Christian Kennes
4.1 Introduction 59
4.2 Historical perspective of biofilters 59
4.3 Process fundamentals 60
4.4 Operation parameters of biofilters 62
4.5 Design considerations 64
4.6 Start-up of biofilters 68
4.7 Parameters affecting biofilter performance 70
4.8 Role of microorganisms and fungal growth in biofilters 87
4.9 Dynamic loading pattern and starvation conditions in biofilters 89
4.10 On-line monitoring and control (intelligent) systems for biofilters 93
4.11 Mathematical expressions for biofilters 95
4.12 Artificial neural network-based models 97
4.13 Fuzzy logic-based models 105
4.14 Adaptive neuro-fuzzy interference system-based models for biofilters 108
4.15 Conclusions 111
References 111
5 Biotrickling Filters 121
Christian Kennes and Maria C. Veiga
5.1 Introduction 121
5.2 Main characteristics of BTFs 122
5.3 Pressure drop and clogging 130
5.4 Full-scale applications and scaling up 134
5.5 Conclusions 135
References 135
6 Bioscrubbers 139
Pierre Le Cloirec and Philippe Humeau
6.1 Introduction 139
6.2 General approach of bioscrubbers 140
6.3 Operating conditions 141
6.4 Removing families of pollutants 143
6.5 Treatment of by-products generated by bioscrubbers 148
6.6 Conclusions and trends 148
References 149
7 Membrane Bioreactors 155
Raquel Lebrero, Ra´ ul Mu~ noz, Amit Kumar and Herman Van Langenhove
7.1 Introduction 155
7.2 Membrane basics 156
7.3 Reactor configurations 163
7.4 Microbiology 166
7.5 Performance of membrane bioreactors 168
7.6 Membrane bioreactor modeling 170
7.7 Applications of membrane bioreactors in biological waste-gas treatment 172
7.8 New applications: CO2-NOx sequestration 173
7.9 Future needs 177
References 178
8 Two-Phase Partitioning Bioreactors 185
Hala Fam and Andrew J. Daugulis
8.1 Introduction 185
8.2 Features of the sequestering phase - selection criteria 186
8.3 Liquid two-phase partitioning bioreactors (TPPBs) 187
8.4 Solids as the partitioning phase 197
References 200
9 Rotating Biological Contactors 207
R. Ravi, K. Sarayu, S. Sandhya and T. Swaminathan
9.1 Introduction 207
9.2 The rotating biological contactor 209
9.3 Studies on removal of dichloromethane in modified RBCs 213
References 219
10 Innovative Bioreactors and Two-Stage Systems 221
Eldon R. Rene, Maria C. Veiga and Christian Kennes
10.1 Introduction 221
10.2 Innovative bioreactor configurations 222
10.3 Two-stage systems for waste-gas treatment 235
10.4 Conclusions 242
References 243
III BIOPROCESSES FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS 247
11 Bioprocesses for the Removal of Volatile Sulfur Compounds from Gas Streams 249
Albert Janssen, Pim L.F. van den Bosch, Robert Cornelis van Leerdam, and Marco de Graaff
11.1 Introduction 249
11.2 Toxicity of VOSCs to animals and humans 250
11.3 Biological formation of VOSCs 251
11.4 VOSC-producing and VOSC-emitting industries 252
11.5 Microbial degradation of VOSCs 253
11.6 Treatment technologies for gas streams containing volatile sulfur compounds 256
11.7 Operating experience from biological gas treatment systems 261
11.8 Future developments 266
References 266
12 Bioprocesses for the Removal of Nitrogen Oxides 275
Yaomin Jin, Lin Guo, Osvaldo D. Frutos, Maria C. Veiga and Christian Kennes
12.1 Introduction 275
12.2 NOx emission at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) 276
12.3 Recent developments in bioprocesses for the removal of nitrogen oxides 279
12.4 Challenges in NOx treatment technologies 287
12.5 Conclusions 288
References 288
13 Biogas Upgrading 293
M. Estefanía López, Eldon R. Rene, Maria C. Veiga and Christian Kennes
13.1 Introduction 293
13.2 Biotechnologies for biogas desulphurization 294
13.3 Removal of mercaptans 306
13.4 Removal of ammonia and nitrogen compounds 307
13.5 Removal of carbon dioxide 308
13.6 Removal of siloxanes 309
13.7 Comparison between biological and non-biological methods 311
13.8 Conclusions 311
References 315
IV ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY BIOENERGY 319
14 Biogas 321
Marta Ben, Christian Kennes and Maria C. Veiga
14.1 Introduction 321
14.2 Anaerobic digestion 321
14.3 Substrates 328
14.4 Biogas 334
14.5 Bioreactors 335
14.6 Environmental impact of biogas 338
14.7 Conclusions 339
References 339
15 Biohydrogen 345
Bikram K. Nayak, Soumya Pandit and Debabrata Das
15.1 Introduction 345
15.2 Environmental impacts of biohydrogen production 346
15.3 Properties and production of hydrogen 348
15.4 Potential applications of hydrogen as a zero-carbon fuel 363
15.5 Policies and economics of hydrogen production 371
15.6 Issues and barriers 373
15.7 Future prospects 374
15.8 Conclusion 375
References 375
16 Catalytic Biodiesel Production 383
Zhenzhong Wen, Xinhai Yu, Shan-Tung Tu and Jinyue Yan
16.1 Introduction 383
16.2 Trends in biodiesel production 384
16.3 Challenges for biodiesel production at industrial scale 393
16.4 Recommendations 394
16.5 Conclusions 395
References 395
17 Microalgal Biodiesel 399
Hugo Pereira, Helena M. Amaro, Nadpi G. Katkam, Luísa Barreira, A. Catarina Guedes, João Varela and F. Xavier Malcata
17.1 Introduction 399
17.2 Wild versus modified microalgae 402
17.3 Lipid extraction and purification 404
17.4 Lipid transesterification 407
17.5 Economic considerations 412
17.6 Environmental considerations 415
17.7 Final considerations 418
References 420
18 Bioethanol 431
Johan W. van Groenestijn, Haris N. Abubackar, Maria C. Veiga and Christian Kennes
18.1 Introduction 431
18.2 Fermentation of lignocellulosic saccharides to ethanol 432
18.3 Syngas conversion to ethanol - biological route 441
18.4 Demonstration projects 450
18.5 Comparison of conventional fuels and bioethanol (corn, cellulosic, syngas) on air pollution 451
18.6 Key problems and future research needs 455
18.7 Conclusions 456
References 456
V CASE STUDIES 465
19 Biotrickling Filtration of Waste Gases from the Viscose Industry 467
Andreas Willers, Christian Dressler and Christian Kennes
19.1 The waste-gas situation in the viscose industry 467
19.2 Biological CS2 and H2S oxidation 471
19.3 Case study of biological waste-gas treatment in the casing industry 472
19.4 Conclusions 484
References 484
20 Biotrickling Filters for Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds from Air in the Coating Sector 485
Carlos Lafita, F. Javier Álvarez-Hornos, Carmen Gabaldón, Vicente Martínez-Soria and Josep-Manuel Penya-Roja
20.1 Introduction 485
20.2 Case study 1: VOC removal in a furniture facility 486
20.3 Case study 2: VOC removal in a plastic coating facility 491
References 496
21 Industrial Bioscrubbers for the Food and Waste Industries 497
Pierre Le Cloirec and Philippe Humeau
21.1 Introduction 497
21.2 Food industry emissions 498
21.3 Bioscrubbing treatment of gaseous emissions from waste composting 502
21.4 Conclusions and perspectives 510
References 511
22 Desulfurization of biogas in biotrickling filters 513
David Gabriel, Marc A. Deshusses and Xavier Gamisans
22.1 Introduction 513
22.2 Microbiology and stoichiometry of sulfide oxidation 514
22.3 Case study background and description of biotrickling filter 517
22.4 Operational aspects of the full-scale biotrickling filter 519
22.5 Economic aspects of desulfurizing biotrickling filters 522
References 522
23 Full-Scale Biogas Upgrading 525
J. Langerak, R. Lems and E.H.M. Dirkse
23.1 Introduction 525
23.2 Case 1: Zalaegerszeg, PWS system with car fuelling station 526
23.3 Case 2: Zwolle, PWS system with gas grid injection 529
23.4 Case 3: Wijster, PWS system with gas grid injection 534
23.5 Case 4: Poundbury, MS system with gas grid injection 536
23.6 Configuration overview and evaluation 539
23.7 Capital and operational expenses 540
23.8 Conclusions 542
References 543
Index 545
Preface xxi
I FUNDAMENTALS AND MICROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS 1
1 Introduction to Air Pollution 3
Christian Kennes and Maria C. Veiga
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Types and sources of air pollutants 3
1.3 Air pollution control technologies 11
1.4 Conclusions 17
References 17
2 Biodegradation and Bioconversion of Volatile Pollutants 19
Christian Kennes, Haris N. Abubackar and Maria C. Veiga
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Biodegradation of volatile compounds 20
2.3 Mass balance calculations 24
2.4 Bioconversion of volatile compounds 25
2.5 Conclusions 27
References 27
3 Identification and Characterization of Microbial Communities in Bioreactors 31
Luc Malhautier, L. Cabrol, S. Bayle and J.-L. Fanlo
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 Molecular techniques to characterize the microbial communities in bioreactors 32
3.3 The link of microbial community structure with ecological function in engineered ecosystems 42
References 47
II BIOREACTORS FOR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 57
4 Biofilters 59
Eldon R. Rene, Maria C. Veiga and Christian Kennes
4.1 Introduction 59
4.2 Historical perspective of biofilters 59
4.3 Process fundamentals 60
4.4 Operation parameters of biofilters 62
4.5 Design considerations 64
4.6 Start-up of biofilters 68
4.7 Parameters affecting biofilter performance 70
4.8 Role of microorganisms and fungal growth in biofilters 87
4.9 Dynamic loading pattern and starvation conditions in biofilters 89
4.10 On-line monitoring and control (intelligent) systems for biofilters 93
4.11 Mathematical expressions for biofilters 95
4.12 Artificial neural network-based models 97
4.13 Fuzzy logic-based models 105
4.14 Adaptive neuro-fuzzy interference system-based models for biofilters 108
4.15 Conclusions 111
References 111
5 Biotrickling Filters 121
Christian Kennes and Maria C. Veiga
5.1 Introduction 121
5.2 Main characteristics of BTFs 122
5.3 Pressure drop and clogging 130
5.4 Full-scale applications and scaling up 134
5.5 Conclusions 135
References 135
6 Bioscrubbers 139
Pierre Le Cloirec and Philippe Humeau
6.1 Introduction 139
6.2 General approach of bioscrubbers 140
6.3 Operating conditions 141
6.4 Removing families of pollutants 143
6.5 Treatment of by-products generated by bioscrubbers 148
6.6 Conclusions and trends 148
References 149
7 Membrane Bioreactors 155
Raquel Lebrero, Ra´ ul Mu~ noz, Amit Kumar and Herman Van Langenhove
7.1 Introduction 155
7.2 Membrane basics 156
7.3 Reactor configurations 163
7.4 Microbiology 166
7.5 Performance of membrane bioreactors 168
7.6 Membrane bioreactor modeling 170
7.7 Applications of membrane bioreactors in biological waste-gas treatment 172
7.8 New applications: CO2-NOx sequestration 173
7.9 Future needs 177
References 178
8 Two-Phase Partitioning Bioreactors 185
Hala Fam and Andrew J. Daugulis
8.1 Introduction 185
8.2 Features of the sequestering phase - selection criteria 186
8.3 Liquid two-phase partitioning bioreactors (TPPBs) 187
8.4 Solids as the partitioning phase 197
References 200
9 Rotating Biological Contactors 207
R. Ravi, K. Sarayu, S. Sandhya and T. Swaminathan
9.1 Introduction 207
9.2 The rotating biological contactor 209
9.3 Studies on removal of dichloromethane in modified RBCs 213
References 219
10 Innovative Bioreactors and Two-Stage Systems 221
Eldon R. Rene, Maria C. Veiga and Christian Kennes
10.1 Introduction 221
10.2 Innovative bioreactor configurations 222
10.3 Two-stage systems for waste-gas treatment 235
10.4 Conclusions 242
References 243
III BIOPROCESSES FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS 247
11 Bioprocesses for the Removal of Volatile Sulfur Compounds from Gas Streams 249
Albert Janssen, Pim L.F. van den Bosch, Robert Cornelis van Leerdam, and Marco de Graaff
11.1 Introduction 249
11.2 Toxicity of VOSCs to animals and humans 250
11.3 Biological formation of VOSCs 251
11.4 VOSC-producing and VOSC-emitting industries 252
11.5 Microbial degradation of VOSCs 253
11.6 Treatment technologies for gas streams containing volatile sulfur compounds 256
11.7 Operating experience from biological gas treatment systems 261
11.8 Future developments 266
References 266
12 Bioprocesses for the Removal of Nitrogen Oxides 275
Yaomin Jin, Lin Guo, Osvaldo D. Frutos, Maria C. Veiga and Christian Kennes
12.1 Introduction 275
12.2 NOx emission at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) 276
12.3 Recent developments in bioprocesses for the removal of nitrogen oxides 279
12.4 Challenges in NOx treatment technologies 287
12.5 Conclusions 288
References 288
13 Biogas Upgrading 293
M. Estefanía López, Eldon R. Rene, Maria C. Veiga and Christian Kennes
13.1 Introduction 293
13.2 Biotechnologies for biogas desulphurization 294
13.3 Removal of mercaptans 306
13.4 Removal of ammonia and nitrogen compounds 307
13.5 Removal of carbon dioxide 308
13.6 Removal of siloxanes 309
13.7 Comparison between biological and non-biological methods 311
13.8 Conclusions 311
References 315
IV ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY BIOENERGY 319
14 Biogas 321
Marta Ben, Christian Kennes and Maria C. Veiga
14.1 Introduction 321
14.2 Anaerobic digestion 321
14.3 Substrates 328
14.4 Biogas 334
14.5 Bioreactors 335
14.6 Environmental impact of biogas 338
14.7 Conclusions 339
References 339
15 Biohydrogen 345
Bikram K. Nayak, Soumya Pandit and Debabrata Das
15.1 Introduction 345
15.2 Environmental impacts of biohydrogen production 346
15.3 Properties and production of hydrogen 348
15.4 Potential applications of hydrogen as a zero-carbon fuel 363
15.5 Policies and economics of hydrogen production 371
15.6 Issues and barriers 373
15.7 Future prospects 374
15.8 Conclusion 375
References 375
16 Catalytic Biodiesel Production 383
Zhenzhong Wen, Xinhai Yu, Shan-Tung Tu and Jinyue Yan
16.1 Introduction 383
16.2 Trends in biodiesel production 384
16.3 Challenges for biodiesel production at industrial scale 393
16.4 Recommendations 394
16.5 Conclusions 395
References 395
17 Microalgal Biodiesel 399
Hugo Pereira, Helena M. Amaro, Nadpi G. Katkam, Luísa Barreira, A. Catarina Guedes, João Varela and F. Xavier Malcata
17.1 Introduction 399
17.2 Wild versus modified microalgae 402
17.3 Lipid extraction and purification 404
17.4 Lipid transesterification 407
17.5 Economic considerations 412
17.6 Environmental considerations 415
17.7 Final considerations 418
References 420
18 Bioethanol 431
Johan W. van Groenestijn, Haris N. Abubackar, Maria C. Veiga and Christian Kennes
18.1 Introduction 431
18.2 Fermentation of lignocellulosic saccharides to ethanol 432
18.3 Syngas conversion to ethanol - biological route 441
18.4 Demonstration projects 450
18.5 Comparison of conventional fuels and bioethanol (corn, cellulosic, syngas) on air pollution 451
18.6 Key problems and future research needs 455
18.7 Conclusions 456
References 456
V CASE STUDIES 465
19 Biotrickling Filtration of Waste Gases from the Viscose Industry 467
Andreas Willers, Christian Dressler and Christian Kennes
19.1 The waste-gas situation in the viscose industry 467
19.2 Biological CS2 and H2S oxidation 471
19.3 Case study of biological waste-gas treatment in the casing industry 472
19.4 Conclusions 484
References 484
20 Biotrickling Filters for Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds from Air in the Coating Sector 485
Carlos Lafita, F. Javier Álvarez-Hornos, Carmen Gabaldón, Vicente Martínez-Soria and Josep-Manuel Penya-Roja
20.1 Introduction 485
20.2 Case study 1: VOC removal in a furniture facility 486
20.3 Case study 2: VOC removal in a plastic coating facility 491
References 496
21 Industrial Bioscrubbers for the Food and Waste Industries 497
Pierre Le Cloirec and Philippe Humeau
21.1 Introduction 497
21.2 Food industry emissions 498
21.3 Bioscrubbing treatment of gaseous emissions from waste composting 502
21.4 Conclusions and perspectives 510
References 511
22 Desulfurization of biogas in biotrickling filters 513
David Gabriel, Marc A. Deshusses and Xavier Gamisans
22.1 Introduction 513
22.2 Microbiology and stoichiometry of sulfide oxidation 514
22.3 Case study background and description of biotrickling filter 517
22.4 Operational aspects of the full-scale biotrickling filter 519
22.5 Economic aspects of desulfurizing biotrickling filters 522
References 522
23 Full-Scale Biogas Upgrading 525
J. Langerak, R. Lems and E.H.M. Dirkse
23.1 Introduction 525
23.2 Case 1: Zalaegerszeg, PWS system with car fuelling station 526
23.3 Case 2: Zwolle, PWS system with gas grid injection 529
23.4 Case 3: Wijster, PWS system with gas grid injection 534
23.5 Case 4: Poundbury, MS system with gas grid injection 536
23.6 Configuration overview and evaluation 539
23.7 Capital and operational expenses 540
23.8 Conclusions 542
References 543
Index 545
"Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals/practitioners." (Choice, 1 February 2014)
"This book is an excellent compilation of engineering and scientific data pertaining to biological systems for both pollution control and energy production, providing real-world scientific information and scholarly research." (Chemical Engineering Progress, 1 August 2013)
"I highly recommend the landmark and all encompassing book Air Pollution Prevention and Control: Bioreactors and Bioenergy edited by Christian Kennes and Maria C. Veiga, to any students, faculty, researchers, in environmental engineering, biotechnology, and applied microbiology, business leaders in industries facing air pollution challenges, and government policy makers seeking alternative concepts for air pollution control. This book provides the most proven and widely accepted biotechnological solutions to any air pollutant based problems." (Blog Business World, 10 June 2013)
"This book is an excellent compilation of engineering and scientific data pertaining to biological systems for both pollution control and energy production, providing real-world scientific information and scholarly research." (Chemical Engineering Progress, 1 August 2013)
"I highly recommend the landmark and all encompassing book Air Pollution Prevention and Control: Bioreactors and Bioenergy edited by Christian Kennes and Maria C. Veiga, to any students, faculty, researchers, in environmental engineering, biotechnology, and applied microbiology, business leaders in industries facing air pollution challenges, and government policy makers seeking alternative concepts for air pollution control. This book provides the most proven and widely accepted biotechnological solutions to any air pollutant based problems." (Blog Business World, 10 June 2013)
