Handbook of Green Analytical Chemistry
1. Edition March 2012
566 Pages, Hardcover
Practical Approach Book
ISBN:
978-0-470-97201-4
John Wiley & Sons
The emerging field of green analytical chemistry is concerned with the development of analytical procedures that minimize consumption of hazardous reagents and solvents, and maximize safety for operators and the environment. In recent years there have been significant developments in methodological and technological tools to prevent and reduce the deleterious effects of analytical activities; key strategies include recycling, replacement, reduction and detoxification of reagents and solvents.
The Handbook of Green Analytical Chemistry provides a comprehensive overview of the present state and recent developments in green chemical analysis. A series of detailed chapters, written by international specialists in the field, discuss the fundamental principles of green analytical chemistry and present a catalogue of tools for developing environmentally friendly analytical techniques.
List of Contributors xv
Preface xix
Section I: Concepts 1
1 The Concept of Green Analytical Chemistry 3
Miguel de la Guardia and Salvador Garrigues
1.1 Green Analytical Chemistry in the frame of Green Chemistry 3
1.2 Green Analytical Chemistry versus Analytical Chemistry 7
1.3 The ethical compromise of sustainability 9
1.4 The business opportunities of clean methods 11
1.5 The attitudes of the scientific community 12
References 14
2 Education in Green Analytical Chemistry 17
Miguel de la Guardia and Salvador Garrigues
2.1 The structure of the Analytical Chemistry paradigm 17
2.2 The social perception of Analytical Chemistry 20
2.3 Teaching Analytical Chemistry 21
2.4 Teaching Green Analytical Chemistry 25
2.5 From the bench to the real world 26
2.6 Making sustainable professionals for the future 28
References 29
3 Green Analytical Laboratory Experiments 31
Suparna Dutta and Arabinda K. Das
3.1 Greening the university laboratories 31
3.2 Green laboratory experiments 33
3.3 The place of Green Analytical Chemistry in the future of our laboratories 52
References 52
4 Publishing in Green Analytical Chemistry 55
Salvador Garrigues and Miguel de la Guardia
4.1 A bibliometric study of the literature in Green Analytical Chemistry 56
4.2 Milestones of the literature on Green Analytical Chemistry 57
4.3 The need for powerful keywords 61
4.4 A new attitude of authors faced with green parameters 62
4.5 A proposal for editors and reviewers 64
4.6 The future starts now 65
References 66
Section II: The Analytical Process 67
5 Greening Sampling Techniques 69
José Luis Gómez Ariza and Tamara García Barrera
5.1 Greening analytical chemistry solutions for sampling 70
5.2 New green approaches to reduce problems related to sample losses, sample contamination, transport and storage 70
5.3 Greening analytical in-line systems 76
5.4 In-field sampling 77
5.5 Environmentally friendly sample stabilization 79
5.6 Sampling for automatization 79
5.7 Future possibilities in green sampling 80
References 80
6 Direct Analysis of Samples 85
Sergio Armenta and Miguel de la Guardia
6.1 Remote environmental sensing 85
6.2 Process monitoring: in-line, on-line and at-line measurements 91
6.3 At-line non-destructive or quasi non-destructive measurements 94
6.4 New challenges in direct analysis 97
References 98
7 Green Analytical Chemistry Approaches in Sample Preparation 103
Marek Tobiszewski, Agata Mechlinska and Jacek Namiesnik
7.1 About sample preparation 103
7.2 Miniaturized extraction techniques 104
7.3 Alternative solvents 113
7.4 Assisted extractions 117
7.5 Final remarks 119
References 119
8 Green Sample Preparation with Non-Chromatographic Separation Techniques 125
María Dolores Luque de Castro and Miguel Alcaide Molina
8.1 Sample preparation in the frame of the analytical process 125
8.2 Separation techniques involving a gas-liquid interface 127
8.3 Techniques involving a liquid-liquid interface 133
8.4 Techniques involving a liquid-solid interface 139
8.5 A Green future for sample preparation 145
References 145
9 Capillary Electrophoresis 153
Mihkel Kaljurand
9.1 The capillary electrophoresis separation techniques 153
9.2 Capillary electrophoresis among other liquid phase separation methods 155
9.3 Possible ways of surmounting the disadvantages of CE 167
9.4 Sample preparation in CE 168
9.5 Is capillary electrophoresis a green alternative? 169
References 170
10 Green Chromatography 175
Chi-Yu Lu
10.1 Greening liquid chromatography 175
10.2 Green solvents 176
10.3 Green instruments 178
References 185
11 Green Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 199
Martín Resano, Esperanza García-Ruiz and Miguel A. Belarra
11.1 Atomic spectrometry in the context of Green Analytical Chemistry 199
11.2 Improvements in sample pretreatment strategies 202
11.3 Direct solid sampling techniques 205
11.4 Future for green analytical atomic spectrometry 213
References 215
12 Solid Phase Molecular Spectroscopy 221
Antonio Molina-Díaz, Juan Francisco García-Reyes and Natividad Ramos-Martos
12.1 Solid phase molecular spectroscopy: an approach to Green Analytical Chemistry 221
12.2 Fundamentals of solid phase molecular spectroscopy 222
12.3 Batch mode procedures 225
12.4 Flow mode procedures 226
12.5 Selected examples of application of solid phase molecular spectroscopy 233
12.6 The potential of flow solid phase envisaged from the point of view of Green Analytical Chemistry 235
References 240
13 Derivative Techniques in Molecular Absorption, Fluorimetry and Liquid Chromatography as Tools for Green Analytical Chemistry 245
José Manuel Cano Pavón, Amparo García de Torres, Catalina Bosch Ojeda, Fuensanta Sánchez Rojas and Elisa I. Vereda Alonso
13.1 The derivative technique as a tool for Green Analytical Chemistry 245
13.2 Derivative absorption spectrometry in the UV-visible region 247
13.3 Derivative fluorescence spectrometry 250
13.4 Use of derivative signal techniques in liquid chromatography 254
References 255
14 Greening Electroanalytical Methods 261
Paloma Yáñez-Sedeño, José M. Pingarrón and Lucas Hernández
14.1 Towards a more environmentally friendly electroanalysis 261
14.2 Electrode materials 262
14.3 Solvents 270
14.4 Electrochemical detection in flowing solutions 274
14.5 Biosensors 278
14.6 Future trends in green electroanalysis 282
References 282
Section III: Strategies 289
15 Energy Savings in Analytical Chemistry 291
Mihkel Koel
15.1 Energy consumption in analytical methods 291
15.2 Economy and saving energy in laboratory practice 294
15.3 Alternative sources of energy for processes 296
15.4 Using alternative solvents for energy savings 302
15.5 Efficient laboratory equipment 305
15.6 Effects of automation and micronization on energy consumption 307
15.7 Assessment of energy efficiency 312
References 316
16 Green Analytical Chemistry and Flow Injection Methodologies 321
Luis Dante Martínez, Soledad Cerutti and Raúl Andrés Gil
16.1 Progress of automated techniques for Green Analytical Chemistry 321
16.2 Flow injection analysis 322
16.3 Sequential injection analysis 325
16.4 Lab-on-valve 327
16.5 Multicommutation 328
16.6 Conclusions and remarks 334
References 334
17 Miniaturization 339
Alberto Escarpa, Miguel Ángel López and Lourdes Ramos
17.1 Current needs and pitfalls in sample preparation 340
17.2 Non-integrated approaches for miniaturized sample preparation 341
17.3 Integrated approaches for sample preparation on microfluidic platforms 353
17.4 Final remarks 378
References 379
18 Micro- and Nanomaterials Based Detection Systems Applied in Lab-on-a-Chip Technology 389
Mariana Medina-Sánchez and Arben Merkoçi
18.1 Micro- and nanotechnology in Green Analytical Chemistry 389
18.2 Nanomaterials-based (bio)sensors 390
18.3 Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technology 396
18.4 LOC applications 398
18.5 Conclusions and future perspectives 400
References 401
19 Photocatalytic Treatment of Laboratory Wastes Containing Hazardous Organic Compounds 407
Edmondo Pramauro, Alessandra Bianco Prevot and Debora Fabbri
19.1 Photocatalysis 407
19.2 Fundamentals of the photocatalytic process 408
19.3 Limits of the photocatalytic treatment 408
19.4 Usual photocatalytic procedure in laboratory practice 408
19.5 Influence of experimental parameters 411
19.6 Additives reducing the e-/h+ recombination 412
19.7 Analytical control of the photocatalytic treatment 413
19.8 Examples of possible applications of photocatalysis to the treatment of laboratory wastes 413
19.9 Continuous monitoring of photocatalytic treatment 420
References 420
Section IV: Fields of Application 425
20 Green Bioanalytical Chemistry 427
Tadashi Nishio and Hideko Kanazawa
20.1 The analytical techniques in bioanalysis 427
20.2 Environmental-responsive polymers 428
20.3 Preparation of a polymer-modified surface for the stationary phase of environmental-responsive chromatography 430
20.4 Temperature-responsive chromatography for green analytical methods 432
20.5 Biological analysis by temperature-responsive chromatography 432
20.6 Affinity chromatography for green bioseparation 436
20.7 Separation of biologically active molecules by the green chromatographic method 438
20.8 Protein separation by an aqueous chromatographic system 441
20.9 Ice chromatography 442
20.10 High-temperature liquid chromatography 443
20.11 Ionic liquids 443
20.12 The future in green bioanalysis 444
References 444
21 Infrared Spectroscopy in Biodiagnostics: A Green Analytical Approach 449
Mohammadreza Khanmohammadi and Amir Bagheri Garmarudi
21.1 Infrared spectroscopy capabilities 449
21.2 Infrared spectroscopy of bio-active chemicals in a bio-system 451
21.3 Medical analysis of body fluids by infrared spectroscopy 453
21.4 Diagnosis in tissue samples via IR spectroscopic analysis 457
21.5 New trends in infrared spectroscopy assisted biodiagnostics 468
References 470
22 Environmental Analysis 475
Ricardo Erthal Santelli, Marcos Almeida Bezerra, Julio Carlos Afonso, Maria de Fátima Batista de Carvalho, Eliane Padua Oliveira and Aline Soares Freire
22.1 Pollution and its control 475
22.2 Steps of an environmental analysis 476
22.3 Green environmental analysis for water, wastewater and effluent 480
22.4 Green environmental analysis applied for solid samples 485
22.5 Green environmental analysis applied for atmospheric samples 496
References 497
23 Green Industrial Analysis 505
Sergio Armenta and Miguel de la Guardia
23.1 Greening industrial practices for safety and cost reasons 505
23.2 The quality control of raw materials and end products 506
23.3 Process control 510
23.4 Effluent control 511
23.5 Working atmosphere control 514
23.6 The future starts now 515
References 515
Index 519
Preface xix
Section I: Concepts 1
1 The Concept of Green Analytical Chemistry 3
Miguel de la Guardia and Salvador Garrigues
1.1 Green Analytical Chemistry in the frame of Green Chemistry 3
1.2 Green Analytical Chemistry versus Analytical Chemistry 7
1.3 The ethical compromise of sustainability 9
1.4 The business opportunities of clean methods 11
1.5 The attitudes of the scientific community 12
References 14
2 Education in Green Analytical Chemistry 17
Miguel de la Guardia and Salvador Garrigues
2.1 The structure of the Analytical Chemistry paradigm 17
2.2 The social perception of Analytical Chemistry 20
2.3 Teaching Analytical Chemistry 21
2.4 Teaching Green Analytical Chemistry 25
2.5 From the bench to the real world 26
2.6 Making sustainable professionals for the future 28
References 29
3 Green Analytical Laboratory Experiments 31
Suparna Dutta and Arabinda K. Das
3.1 Greening the university laboratories 31
3.2 Green laboratory experiments 33
3.3 The place of Green Analytical Chemistry in the future of our laboratories 52
References 52
4 Publishing in Green Analytical Chemistry 55
Salvador Garrigues and Miguel de la Guardia
4.1 A bibliometric study of the literature in Green Analytical Chemistry 56
4.2 Milestones of the literature on Green Analytical Chemistry 57
4.3 The need for powerful keywords 61
4.4 A new attitude of authors faced with green parameters 62
4.5 A proposal for editors and reviewers 64
4.6 The future starts now 65
References 66
Section II: The Analytical Process 67
5 Greening Sampling Techniques 69
José Luis Gómez Ariza and Tamara García Barrera
5.1 Greening analytical chemistry solutions for sampling 70
5.2 New green approaches to reduce problems related to sample losses, sample contamination, transport and storage 70
5.3 Greening analytical in-line systems 76
5.4 In-field sampling 77
5.5 Environmentally friendly sample stabilization 79
5.6 Sampling for automatization 79
5.7 Future possibilities in green sampling 80
References 80
6 Direct Analysis of Samples 85
Sergio Armenta and Miguel de la Guardia
6.1 Remote environmental sensing 85
6.2 Process monitoring: in-line, on-line and at-line measurements 91
6.3 At-line non-destructive or quasi non-destructive measurements 94
6.4 New challenges in direct analysis 97
References 98
7 Green Analytical Chemistry Approaches in Sample Preparation 103
Marek Tobiszewski, Agata Mechlinska and Jacek Namiesnik
7.1 About sample preparation 103
7.2 Miniaturized extraction techniques 104
7.3 Alternative solvents 113
7.4 Assisted extractions 117
7.5 Final remarks 119
References 119
8 Green Sample Preparation with Non-Chromatographic Separation Techniques 125
María Dolores Luque de Castro and Miguel Alcaide Molina
8.1 Sample preparation in the frame of the analytical process 125
8.2 Separation techniques involving a gas-liquid interface 127
8.3 Techniques involving a liquid-liquid interface 133
8.4 Techniques involving a liquid-solid interface 139
8.5 A Green future for sample preparation 145
References 145
9 Capillary Electrophoresis 153
Mihkel Kaljurand
9.1 The capillary electrophoresis separation techniques 153
9.2 Capillary electrophoresis among other liquid phase separation methods 155
9.3 Possible ways of surmounting the disadvantages of CE 167
9.4 Sample preparation in CE 168
9.5 Is capillary electrophoresis a green alternative? 169
References 170
10 Green Chromatography 175
Chi-Yu Lu
10.1 Greening liquid chromatography 175
10.2 Green solvents 176
10.3 Green instruments 178
References 185
11 Green Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 199
Martín Resano, Esperanza García-Ruiz and Miguel A. Belarra
11.1 Atomic spectrometry in the context of Green Analytical Chemistry 199
11.2 Improvements in sample pretreatment strategies 202
11.3 Direct solid sampling techniques 205
11.4 Future for green analytical atomic spectrometry 213
References 215
12 Solid Phase Molecular Spectroscopy 221
Antonio Molina-Díaz, Juan Francisco García-Reyes and Natividad Ramos-Martos
12.1 Solid phase molecular spectroscopy: an approach to Green Analytical Chemistry 221
12.2 Fundamentals of solid phase molecular spectroscopy 222
12.3 Batch mode procedures 225
12.4 Flow mode procedures 226
12.5 Selected examples of application of solid phase molecular spectroscopy 233
12.6 The potential of flow solid phase envisaged from the point of view of Green Analytical Chemistry 235
References 240
13 Derivative Techniques in Molecular Absorption, Fluorimetry and Liquid Chromatography as Tools for Green Analytical Chemistry 245
José Manuel Cano Pavón, Amparo García de Torres, Catalina Bosch Ojeda, Fuensanta Sánchez Rojas and Elisa I. Vereda Alonso
13.1 The derivative technique as a tool for Green Analytical Chemistry 245
13.2 Derivative absorption spectrometry in the UV-visible region 247
13.3 Derivative fluorescence spectrometry 250
13.4 Use of derivative signal techniques in liquid chromatography 254
References 255
14 Greening Electroanalytical Methods 261
Paloma Yáñez-Sedeño, José M. Pingarrón and Lucas Hernández
14.1 Towards a more environmentally friendly electroanalysis 261
14.2 Electrode materials 262
14.3 Solvents 270
14.4 Electrochemical detection in flowing solutions 274
14.5 Biosensors 278
14.6 Future trends in green electroanalysis 282
References 282
Section III: Strategies 289
15 Energy Savings in Analytical Chemistry 291
Mihkel Koel
15.1 Energy consumption in analytical methods 291
15.2 Economy and saving energy in laboratory practice 294
15.3 Alternative sources of energy for processes 296
15.4 Using alternative solvents for energy savings 302
15.5 Efficient laboratory equipment 305
15.6 Effects of automation and micronization on energy consumption 307
15.7 Assessment of energy efficiency 312
References 316
16 Green Analytical Chemistry and Flow Injection Methodologies 321
Luis Dante Martínez, Soledad Cerutti and Raúl Andrés Gil
16.1 Progress of automated techniques for Green Analytical Chemistry 321
16.2 Flow injection analysis 322
16.3 Sequential injection analysis 325
16.4 Lab-on-valve 327
16.5 Multicommutation 328
16.6 Conclusions and remarks 334
References 334
17 Miniaturization 339
Alberto Escarpa, Miguel Ángel López and Lourdes Ramos
17.1 Current needs and pitfalls in sample preparation 340
17.2 Non-integrated approaches for miniaturized sample preparation 341
17.3 Integrated approaches for sample preparation on microfluidic platforms 353
17.4 Final remarks 378
References 379
18 Micro- and Nanomaterials Based Detection Systems Applied in Lab-on-a-Chip Technology 389
Mariana Medina-Sánchez and Arben Merkoçi
18.1 Micro- and nanotechnology in Green Analytical Chemistry 389
18.2 Nanomaterials-based (bio)sensors 390
18.3 Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technology 396
18.4 LOC applications 398
18.5 Conclusions and future perspectives 400
References 401
19 Photocatalytic Treatment of Laboratory Wastes Containing Hazardous Organic Compounds 407
Edmondo Pramauro, Alessandra Bianco Prevot and Debora Fabbri
19.1 Photocatalysis 407
19.2 Fundamentals of the photocatalytic process 408
19.3 Limits of the photocatalytic treatment 408
19.4 Usual photocatalytic procedure in laboratory practice 408
19.5 Influence of experimental parameters 411
19.6 Additives reducing the e-/h+ recombination 412
19.7 Analytical control of the photocatalytic treatment 413
19.8 Examples of possible applications of photocatalysis to the treatment of laboratory wastes 413
19.9 Continuous monitoring of photocatalytic treatment 420
References 420
Section IV: Fields of Application 425
20 Green Bioanalytical Chemistry 427
Tadashi Nishio and Hideko Kanazawa
20.1 The analytical techniques in bioanalysis 427
20.2 Environmental-responsive polymers 428
20.3 Preparation of a polymer-modified surface for the stationary phase of environmental-responsive chromatography 430
20.4 Temperature-responsive chromatography for green analytical methods 432
20.5 Biological analysis by temperature-responsive chromatography 432
20.6 Affinity chromatography for green bioseparation 436
20.7 Separation of biologically active molecules by the green chromatographic method 438
20.8 Protein separation by an aqueous chromatographic system 441
20.9 Ice chromatography 442
20.10 High-temperature liquid chromatography 443
20.11 Ionic liquids 443
20.12 The future in green bioanalysis 444
References 444
21 Infrared Spectroscopy in Biodiagnostics: A Green Analytical Approach 449
Mohammadreza Khanmohammadi and Amir Bagheri Garmarudi
21.1 Infrared spectroscopy capabilities 449
21.2 Infrared spectroscopy of bio-active chemicals in a bio-system 451
21.3 Medical analysis of body fluids by infrared spectroscopy 453
21.4 Diagnosis in tissue samples via IR spectroscopic analysis 457
21.5 New trends in infrared spectroscopy assisted biodiagnostics 468
References 470
22 Environmental Analysis 475
Ricardo Erthal Santelli, Marcos Almeida Bezerra, Julio Carlos Afonso, Maria de Fátima Batista de Carvalho, Eliane Padua Oliveira and Aline Soares Freire
22.1 Pollution and its control 475
22.2 Steps of an environmental analysis 476
22.3 Green environmental analysis for water, wastewater and effluent 480
22.4 Green environmental analysis applied for solid samples 485
22.5 Green environmental analysis applied for atmospheric samples 496
References 497
23 Green Industrial Analysis 505
Sergio Armenta and Miguel de la Guardia
23.1 Greening industrial practices for safety and cost reasons 505
23.2 The quality control of raw materials and end products 506
23.3 Process control 510
23.4 Effluent control 511
23.5 Working atmosphere control 514
23.6 The future starts now 515
References 515
Index 519
