Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry

INTRODUCTION
SOLUTE-SOLVENT INTERACTIONS
Solutions
Intermolecular Forces
Solvation
Preferential Solvation
Micellar Solvation (Solubilization)
Ionization and Dissociation
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLVENTS
Classification of Solvents According to Chemical Constitution
Classification of Solvents Using Physical Constants
Classification of Solvents in Terms of Acid-Base Behaviour
Classification of Solvents in Terms of Specific Solute/Solvent Interactions
Classification of Solvents Using Multivariate Statistical Methods
SOLVENT EFFECTS ON THE POSITION OF HOMOGENEOUS CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA
General Remarks
Solvent Effects on Acid/Base Equilibria
Solvent Effects on Tautomeric Equilibria
Solvent Effects on other Equilibria
SOLVENT EFFECTS ON THE RATES OF HOMOGENEOUS CHEMICAL REACTIONS
General Remarks
Gas-Phase Reactivities
Qualitative Theory of Solvent Effects on Reaction Rates
Quantitative Theories of Solvent Effects on Reaction Rates
Specific Solvation Effects on Reaction Rates
SOLVENT EFFECTS ON THE ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
General Remarks
Solvent Effects on UV/Vis Spectra
Solvent Effects on Infrared Spectra
Solvent Effects on Electron Spin Resonance Spectra
Solvent Effects on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra
EMPIRICAL PARAMETERS OF SOLVENT POLARITY
Linear Gibbs Energy Relationships
Empirical Parameters of Solvent Polarity from Equilibrium Measurements
Empirical Parameters of Solvent Polarity from Kinetic Measurements
Empirical Parameters of Solvent Polarity from Spectroscopic Measurements
Empirical Parameters of Solvent Polarity from Other Measurements
Interrelation and Application of Solvent Polarity Parameters
Multiparameter Approaches
SOLVENTS AND GREEN CHEMISTRY
Green Chemistry
Reduction of Solvent Use
Green Solvent Selection
Non-Traditional Solvents
Outlook
APPENDIX: PROPERTIES, PURIFICATION, AND USE OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS
Physical Properties
Purification of Organic Solvents
Spectroscopic Solvents
Solvents as Reaction Media
Solvents for Recrystallization
Solvents for Extraction and Partitioning (Distribution)
Solvents for Adsorption Chromatography
Solvents for Acid/Base Titrations in Non-Aqueous Media
Solvents for Electrochemistry
Toxicity of Organic Solvents

"...the authors have managed to combine completeness of coverage of theoretical problems with the reference character of the book... The sections devoted to solvatochromism are valuable in themselves (Prof. Reichardt is a recognized world leader in this field) and prepare the reader for subsequent consideration of the versatile empirical parameters of the polarity of solvents... no other book now offers such exhaustive and deep information on the influence of solvents on chemical processes. This work is sure to be useful for all researchers, graduate students, and undergraduates working with liquid media."

Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2011, Vol. 85, No. 8

Christian Reichardt obtained his Ph.D. in 1962 under the tutelage of Prof. K. Dimroth at the university of Marburg, and completed his Habilitation in 1967. Since 1971 he has been Professor of Organic Chemistry at the Philipps University Marburg. In 1988 he was visiting professor at the University of Barcelona, Spain, and 1998 at the University of Bratislava, Slovak Republic, and 2000 at the University of Oita/Japan. He has authored and co-authored more than 170 papers and patents, as well as two books. For his book on Solvent Effects he received in 1989 the literary prize of the "Fonds der Chemischen Industrie" in Frankfurt (Main). In 2000, he received the Marie-Sklodowska-Curie-Medal of the Polish Chemical Society.

Tom Welton studied at the University of Sussex, graduating with a BSc (Hons) in Chemistry in 1985 and completed his DPhil, under the guidance of Prof. Seddon, in 1990. His interest in ionic liquids dates back to this time and has continued throughout his career. In 1993 he was awarded the prestigious Lloyd's of London Tercentenary Foundation fellowship, which he chose to take up at Imperial College. He has remained there, initially as a Lecturer, but now as a Professor in Sustainable Chemistry. He is the 2007 Christopher Ingold Lecturer awarded for excellence in physical organic chemistry. Since August 2007 he is head of the department of Chemistry at Imperial College.

C. Reichardt, University of Marburg, Chemistry Department, Marburg, Germany; T. Welton, Imperial College, London, UK