Insect Biodiversity
Science and Society, Volume 1
2. Edition October 2017
904 Pages, Hardcover
Practical Approach Book
ISBN:
978-1-118-94553-7
John Wiley & Sons
Volume One of the thoroughly revised and updated guide to the study of biodiversity in insects
The second edition of Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society brings together in one comprehensive text contributions from leading scientific experts to assess the influence insects have on humankind and the earth's fragile ecosystems. Revised and updated, this new edition includes information on the number of substantial changes to entomology and the study of biodiversity. It includes current research on insect groups, classification, regional diversity, and a wide range of concepts and developing methodologies. The authors examine why insect biodiversity matters and how the rapid evolution of insects is affecting us all.
This book explores the wide variety of insect species and their evolutionary relationships. Case studies offer assessments on how insect biodiversity can help meet the needs of a rapidly expanding human population, and also examine the consequences that an increased loss of insect species will have on the world. This important text:
* Explores the rapidly increasing influence on systematics of genomics and next-generation sequencing
* Includes developments in the use of DNA barcoding in insect systematics and in the broader study of insect biodiversity, including the detection of cryptic species
* Discusses the advances in information science that influence the increased capability to gather, manipulate, and analyze biodiversity information
* Comprises scholarly contributions from leading scientists in the field
Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society highlights the rapid growth of insect biodiversity research and includes an expanded treatment of the topic that addresses the major insect groups, the zoogeographic regions of biodiversity, and the scope of systematics approaches for handling biodiversity data.
1 Introduction 1
2 The Importance of Insects 9
Part I Insect Biodiversity: Regional Examples 45
3 Insect Biodiversity in the Nearctic Region 47
4 Amazonian Rainforests and Their Richness and Abundance of Terrestrial Arthropods on the Edge of Extinction: Abiotic-Biotic Players in the Critical Zone 65
5 Insect Biodiversity in the Afrotropical Region 93
6 Biodiversity of Australasian Insects 111
7 Insect Biodiversity in the Palearctic Region 141
Part II Insect Biodiversity: Taxon Examples 203
8 Biodiversity of Aquatic Insects 205
9 Biodiversity of Diptera 229
10 Biodiversity of Heteroptera 279
11 Biodiversity of Coleoptera 337
12 Biodiversity of Hymenoptera 419
13 Diversity and Significance of Lepidoptera: A Phylogenetic Perspective 463
Part III Insect Biodiversity: Tools and Approaches 497
14 The Science of Insect Taxonomy: Prospects and Needs 499
15 Insect Species - Concepts and Practice 527
16 Molecular Dimensions of Insect Taxonomy in the Genomics Era 547
17 DNA Barcodes and Insect Biodiversity 575
18 Insect Biodiversity Informatics 593
19 Parasitoid Biodiversity and Insect Pest Management 603
20 The Taxonomy of Crop Pests: The Aphids 627
21 Adventive (Non-Native) Insects and the Consequences for Science and Society of Species that Become Invasive 641
22 Biodiversity of Blood-sucking Flies: Implications for Humanity 713
23 Reconciling Ethical and Scientific Issues for Insect Conservation 747
24 Taxonomy and Management of Insect Biodiversity 767
25 Insect Biodiversity - Millions and Millions 783
List of Contributors xix
Foreword, Second Edition xxiii
Preface, First Edition xxvii
Preface, Second Edition xxix
Acknowledgements xxxi
1 Introduction 1
Peter H. Adler and Robert G. Foottit
References 5
2 The Importance of Insects 9
Geoffrey G. E. Scudder
2.1 Diversity 9
2.2 Ecological Role 10
2.3 Effects on Natural Resources, Agriculture, and Human Health 13
2.4 Insects and Advances in Science 14
2.5 Insects and the Public 23
References 25
Part I Insect Biodiversity: Regional Examples 45
3 Insect Biodiversity in the Nearctic Region 47
Hugh V. Danks and Andrew B. T. Smith
3.1 Influence of Insect Biodiversity on Society in the Nearctic Region 49
3.2 Insect Conservation 50
3.3 Species Diversity and the State of Knowledge 53
3.4 Variations in Biodiversity 56
3.5 Conclusions and Needs 58
Acknowledgments 60
References 60
4 Amazonian Rainforests and Their Richness and Abundance of Terrestrial Arthropods on the Edge of Extinction: Abiotic-Biotic Players in the Critical Zone 65
Terry L. Erwin, Laura S. Zamorano and Christy J. Geraci
4.1 The Climatic Setting and Critical Zone Establishment 69
4.2 Characterization of Typical Lowland Rainforest Composition in the Western Basin 71
4.3 Sampling Arthropod Biodiversity in Amazonian Forests 73
4.4 Richness of Various Lineages and Guilds 79
4.5 General Patterns 79
4.6 Morphospecies Richness to Biodiversity 80
4.7 Beetles: Life Attributes Have Led to Contemporary Hyperdiversity 83
4.8 Summary and Guide to Future Research, or "Taking a Small Step into the Biodiversity Vortex" 85
Acknowledgments 86
References 86
5 Insect Biodiversity in the Afrotropical Region 93
Clarke H. Scholtz and Mervyn W. Mansell
5.1 What Do We Know about Afrotropical Insects? 95
5.2 An Information-Management Program 95
5.3 The Role of Insects in Ecosystem Processes and as Indicators of Environmental Quality - Dung Beetles as a Case Study 98
5.4 Africa-Wide Pests and Training Appropriate Taxonomists - Fruit Flies as a Case Study 100
5.5 Sentinel Groups 103
5.6 Conclusions 105
References 107
6 Biodiversity of Australasian Insects 111
Peter S. Cranston
6.1 Australasia - The Locale 111
6.2 Some Highlights of Australasian Insect Biodiversity 112
6.3 Drowning by Numbers? How Many Insect Species are in Australasia? 116
6.4 Australasian Insect Biodiversity - Overview and Special Elements 118
6.5 Threatening Processes to Australasian Insect Biodiversity 123
6.6 Australasian Biodiversity Conservation 127
6.7 Conclusion 129
References 129
7 Insect Biodiversity in the Palearctic Region 141
Boris A. Korotyaev, Alexander S. Konstantinov and Mark G. Volkovitsh
7.1 Preface: Societal Importance of Biodiversity in the Palearctic Region 141
7.2 Introduction 144
7.3 Geographic Position, Climate, and Zonality 144
7.4 General Features of Palearctic Insect Biodiversity 148
7.5 Biodiversity of Some Insect Groups in the Palearctic 153
7.6 Biodiversity of Insect Herbivores 158
7.7 Boundaries and Insect Biodiversity 162
7.8 Local Biodiversity 164
7.9 Insect Biodiversity and Habitats 166
7.10 Insect Biodiversity and the Mountains 169
7.11 Temporal Changes in Insect Biodiversity 171
7.12 Insect Diversity in Major Biogeographical Divisions of the Palearctic 172
Acknowledgments 187
References 189
Part II Insect Biodiversity: Taxon Examples 203
8 Biodiversity of Aquatic Insects 205
John C. Morse
8.1 Overview of Taxa 206
8.2 Species Numbers 212
8.3 Societal Benefits and Risks 214
8.4 Biodiversity Concerns for Aquatic Insects 218
References 220
9 Biodiversity of Diptera 229
Gregory W. Courtney, Thomas Pape, Jeffrey H. Skevington and Bradley J. Sinclair
9.1 Overview of Taxa 239
9.2 Societal Importance 246
9.3 Diptera of Forensic, Medicolegal, and Medical Importance 253
9.4 Diptera as Model Organisms and Research Tools 253
9.5 Diptera in Conservation 254
9.6 Diptera as Part of Our Cultural Legacy 256
References 257
10 Biodiversity of Heteroptera 279
Thomas J. Henry
10.1 Overview of the Heteroptera 280
10.2 The Importance of Heteropteran Biodiversity 311
Acknowledgments 313
References 313
11 Biodiversity of Coleoptera 337
Patrice Bouchard, Andrew B. T. Smith, Hume Douglas, Matthew L. Gimmel, Adam J. Brunke and Kojun Kanda
11.1 Overview of Extant Taxa 344
11.2 Overview of Fossil Taxa 357
11.3 Societal Benefits and Risks 357
11.4 Threatened Beetles 394
11.5 Conclusions 395
Acknowledgments 395
References 395
12 Biodiversity of Hymenoptera 419
John T. Huber
12.1 Evolution and Higher Classification 422
12.2 Numbers of Species and Individuals 426
12.3 Morphological and Biological Diversity 428
12.4 Importance to Humans 430
12.5 Ecological Importance 431
12.6 Conservation 432
12.7 Fossils 432
12.8 Collecting, Preservation, and Study Techniques 433
12.9 Taxonomic Diversity 436
12.10 Summary and Conclusions 445
Acknowledgments 446
References 446
13 Diversity and Significance of Lepidoptera: A Phylogenetic Perspective 463
Paul Z. Goldstein
13.1 Relevance of Lepidoptera: Science 464
13.2 Relevance of Lepidoptera: Society 465
13.3 Diversity and Diversification: A Clarification of Numbers and Challenges 466
13.4 State of Lepidopteran Systematics and Phylogenetics 467
13.5 General Overview 468
13.6 Needs and Challenges for Advancing Lepidopteran Studies 488
Acknowledgments 489
References 489
Part III Insect Biodiversity: Tools and Approaches 497
14 The Science of Insect Taxonomy: Prospects and Needs 499
Quentin D. Wheeler and Kelly B. Miller
14.1 The What and Why of Taxonomy 500
14.2 Insect Taxonomy: Missions and "Big Questions" 509
14.3 Insect Taxonomy's Grand Challenge Questions 510
14.4 Transforming Insect Taxonomy 513
14.5 Insect Taxonomy: Needs and Priorities 514
14.6 Accelerating Descriptive Taxonomy 517
14.7 Beware Sirens of Expediency 521
14.8 Conclusions 522
References 522
15 Insect Species - Concepts and Practice 527
Michael F. Claridge
15.1 Early Species Concepts - Linnaeus 528
15.2 Biological Species Concepts 529
15.3 Phylogenetic Species Concepts 533
15.4 Species Concepts and Speciation - a Digression? 534
15.5 Insect Species - Practical Problems 535
15.6 Conclusions 540
References 540
16 Molecular Dimensions of Insect Taxonomy in the Genomics Era 547
Amanda Roe, Julian Dupuis and Felix Sperling
16.1 Opportunities in Insect Taxonomy 547
16.2 Genomic Methods 553
16.3 General Challenges and Considerations 556
16.4 Conclusions 560
References 561
17 DNA Barcodes and Insect Biodiversity 575
John-James Wilson, Kong-Wah Sing, Robin M. Floyd and Paul D. N. Hebert
17.1 Species Concepts and Recognition 576
17.2 DNA Barcoding Methodology 577
17.3 Basal Hexapod Orders 578
17.4 Archaeognatha (Bristletails) and Zygentoma (Silverfish) 580
17.5 Odonata (Dragonflies) 580
17.6 Ephemeroptera (Mayflies) 580
17.7 Orthoptera (Grasshoppers) 580
17.8 Phasmatodea (Walking Sticks), Embioptera (Webspinners), Grylloblattodea (Icecrawlers), and Mantophasmatodea (Gladiators) 581
17.9 Plecoptera (Stoneflies) and Dermaptera (Earwigs) 581
17.10 Mantodea (Mantids) 581
17.11 Blattodea (Cockroaches) and Isoptera (Termites) 581
17.12 Psocoptera (Booklice) and Phthiraptera (Lice) 581
17.13 Thysanoptera (Thrips) and Hemiptera (True Bugs) 582
17.14 Hymenoptera (Wasps) 582
17.15 Strepsiptera (Twisted-wing Parasites) 582
17.16 Coleoptera (Beetles) 582
17.17 Neuroptera (Lacewings), Megaloptera (Dobsonflies), and Raphidioptera (Snakeflies) 583
17.18 Trichoptera (Caddisflies) 583
17.19 Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths) 583
17.20 Diptera (Flies) 584
17.21 Siphonaptera (Fleas) and Mecoptera (Scorpionflies) 584
17.22 Conclusions 584
Acknowledgments 585
References 585
18 Insect Biodiversity Informatics 593
Norman F. Johnson
18.1 Biodiversity Data 594
18.2 Technical Infrastructure 595
18.3 Standards 597
18.4 Current Status and Impediments to Progress 599
18.5 Prospects 600
Acknowledgments 601
References 601
19 Parasitoid Biodiversity and Insect Pest Management 603
John Heraty
19.1 What Is a Parasitoid? 604
19.2 Biodiversity and Success of Insect Parasitoids 605
19.3 Systematics, Parasitoids, and Pest Management 612
19.4 Summary 617
Acknowledgments 618
References 618
20 The Taxonomy of Crop Pests: The Aphids 627
Gary L. Miller and Robert G. Foottit
20.1 Historical Background 627
20.2 Economic Importance and Early Taxonomy 628
20.3 Early Aphid Studies - A North American Example 628
20.4 Recognizing Aphid Species 631
20.5 The Focus Becomes Finer 632
20.6 Adventive Aphid Species 633
20.7 Conclusions 634
References 634
21 Adventive (Non-Native) Insects and the Consequences for Science and Society of Species that Become Invasive
Alfred G. Wheeler, Jr and E. Richard Hoebeke
21.1 Terminology 642
21.2 Distributional Status: Native or Adventive? 643
21.3 Global Transport: Pathways and Vectors 645
21.4 Early History of Adventive Insects in North America 648
21.5 Numbers, Taxonomic Composition, and Geographic Origins of Adventive Insects 649
21.6 Impact of Adventive Insects 653
21.7 Economic Considerations: Agriculture, Forestry, and Horticulture 658
21.8 Implications for Animal and Human Health 661
21.9 Ecological Impacts 663
21.10 Biological Control 667
21.11 Biological Invasions and Global Climate Change 670
21.12 Systematics, Biodiversity, and Adventive Species 671
21.13 Concluding Thoughts 671
Acknowledgments 674
References 675
22 Biodiversity of Blood-sucking Flies: Implications for Humanity 713
Peter H. Adler
22.1 Numbers and Estimates 714
22.2 Overview of Blood-sucking Flies and Diseases 717
22.3 Rationale for Biodiversity Studies of Blood-sucking Flies 725
22.4 Biodiversity Exploration 727
22.5 Societal Consequences of Disregarding Biodiversity 729
22.6 Present and Future Concerns 730
22.7 Conclusions 733
Acknowledgments 734
References 734
23 Reconciling Ethical and Scientific Issues for Insect Conservation 747
Michael J. Samways
23.1 Valuing Nature 749
23.2 Insects and Ecosystems 755
23.3 Two Challenges 758
23.4 Synthesizing Deeper Values and Practical Issues 759
23.5 Summary 760
Acknowledgments 760
References 760
24 Taxonomy and Management of Insect Biodiversity 767
Ke Chung Kim
24.1 Insect Biodiversity 768
24.2 Biodiversity Loss and Humanity 769
24.3 Biodiversity and Taxonomy 770
24.4 Biodiversity Inventory and Ecology 772
24.5 Backyard Biodiversity and Sustainability 774
24.6 Taxonomic Bottlenecks in Managing Insect Biodiversity 775
24.7 Advancing the Science of Insect Biodiversity 776
References 777
25 Insect Biodiversity - Millions and Millions 783
May Berenbaum
Acknowledgments 789
References 791
Index 793
2 The Importance of Insects 9
Part I Insect Biodiversity: Regional Examples 45
3 Insect Biodiversity in the Nearctic Region 47
4 Amazonian Rainforests and Their Richness and Abundance of Terrestrial Arthropods on the Edge of Extinction: Abiotic-Biotic Players in the Critical Zone 65
5 Insect Biodiversity in the Afrotropical Region 93
6 Biodiversity of Australasian Insects 111
7 Insect Biodiversity in the Palearctic Region 141
Part II Insect Biodiversity: Taxon Examples 203
8 Biodiversity of Aquatic Insects 205
9 Biodiversity of Diptera 229
10 Biodiversity of Heteroptera 279
11 Biodiversity of Coleoptera 337
12 Biodiversity of Hymenoptera 419
13 Diversity and Significance of Lepidoptera: A Phylogenetic Perspective 463
Part III Insect Biodiversity: Tools and Approaches 497
14 The Science of Insect Taxonomy: Prospects and Needs 499
15 Insect Species - Concepts and Practice 527
16 Molecular Dimensions of Insect Taxonomy in the Genomics Era 547
17 DNA Barcodes and Insect Biodiversity 575
18 Insect Biodiversity Informatics 593
19 Parasitoid Biodiversity and Insect Pest Management 603
20 The Taxonomy of Crop Pests: The Aphids 627
21 Adventive (Non-Native) Insects and the Consequences for Science and Society of Species that Become Invasive 641
22 Biodiversity of Blood-sucking Flies: Implications for Humanity 713
23 Reconciling Ethical and Scientific Issues for Insect Conservation 747
24 Taxonomy and Management of Insect Biodiversity 767
25 Insect Biodiversity - Millions and Millions 783
List of Contributors xix
Foreword, Second Edition xxiii
Preface, First Edition xxvii
Preface, Second Edition xxix
Acknowledgements xxxi
1 Introduction 1
Peter H. Adler and Robert G. Foottit
References 5
2 The Importance of Insects 9
Geoffrey G. E. Scudder
2.1 Diversity 9
2.2 Ecological Role 10
2.3 Effects on Natural Resources, Agriculture, and Human Health 13
2.4 Insects and Advances in Science 14
2.5 Insects and the Public 23
References 25
Part I Insect Biodiversity: Regional Examples 45
3 Insect Biodiversity in the Nearctic Region 47
Hugh V. Danks and Andrew B. T. Smith
3.1 Influence of Insect Biodiversity on Society in the Nearctic Region 49
3.2 Insect Conservation 50
3.3 Species Diversity and the State of Knowledge 53
3.4 Variations in Biodiversity 56
3.5 Conclusions and Needs 58
Acknowledgments 60
References 60
4 Amazonian Rainforests and Their Richness and Abundance of Terrestrial Arthropods on the Edge of Extinction: Abiotic-Biotic Players in the Critical Zone 65
Terry L. Erwin, Laura S. Zamorano and Christy J. Geraci
4.1 The Climatic Setting and Critical Zone Establishment 69
4.2 Characterization of Typical Lowland Rainforest Composition in the Western Basin 71
4.3 Sampling Arthropod Biodiversity in Amazonian Forests 73
4.4 Richness of Various Lineages and Guilds 79
4.5 General Patterns 79
4.6 Morphospecies Richness to Biodiversity 80
4.7 Beetles: Life Attributes Have Led to Contemporary Hyperdiversity 83
4.8 Summary and Guide to Future Research, or "Taking a Small Step into the Biodiversity Vortex" 85
Acknowledgments 86
References 86
5 Insect Biodiversity in the Afrotropical Region 93
Clarke H. Scholtz and Mervyn W. Mansell
5.1 What Do We Know about Afrotropical Insects? 95
5.2 An Information-Management Program 95
5.3 The Role of Insects in Ecosystem Processes and as Indicators of Environmental Quality - Dung Beetles as a Case Study 98
5.4 Africa-Wide Pests and Training Appropriate Taxonomists - Fruit Flies as a Case Study 100
5.5 Sentinel Groups 103
5.6 Conclusions 105
References 107
6 Biodiversity of Australasian Insects 111
Peter S. Cranston
6.1 Australasia - The Locale 111
6.2 Some Highlights of Australasian Insect Biodiversity 112
6.3 Drowning by Numbers? How Many Insect Species are in Australasia? 116
6.4 Australasian Insect Biodiversity - Overview and Special Elements 118
6.5 Threatening Processes to Australasian Insect Biodiversity 123
6.6 Australasian Biodiversity Conservation 127
6.7 Conclusion 129
References 129
7 Insect Biodiversity in the Palearctic Region 141
Boris A. Korotyaev, Alexander S. Konstantinov and Mark G. Volkovitsh
7.1 Preface: Societal Importance of Biodiversity in the Palearctic Region 141
7.2 Introduction 144
7.3 Geographic Position, Climate, and Zonality 144
7.4 General Features of Palearctic Insect Biodiversity 148
7.5 Biodiversity of Some Insect Groups in the Palearctic 153
7.6 Biodiversity of Insect Herbivores 158
7.7 Boundaries and Insect Biodiversity 162
7.8 Local Biodiversity 164
7.9 Insect Biodiversity and Habitats 166
7.10 Insect Biodiversity and the Mountains 169
7.11 Temporal Changes in Insect Biodiversity 171
7.12 Insect Diversity in Major Biogeographical Divisions of the Palearctic 172
Acknowledgments 187
References 189
Part II Insect Biodiversity: Taxon Examples 203
8 Biodiversity of Aquatic Insects 205
John C. Morse
8.1 Overview of Taxa 206
8.2 Species Numbers 212
8.3 Societal Benefits and Risks 214
8.4 Biodiversity Concerns for Aquatic Insects 218
References 220
9 Biodiversity of Diptera 229
Gregory W. Courtney, Thomas Pape, Jeffrey H. Skevington and Bradley J. Sinclair
9.1 Overview of Taxa 239
9.2 Societal Importance 246
9.3 Diptera of Forensic, Medicolegal, and Medical Importance 253
9.4 Diptera as Model Organisms and Research Tools 253
9.5 Diptera in Conservation 254
9.6 Diptera as Part of Our Cultural Legacy 256
References 257
10 Biodiversity of Heteroptera 279
Thomas J. Henry
10.1 Overview of the Heteroptera 280
10.2 The Importance of Heteropteran Biodiversity 311
Acknowledgments 313
References 313
11 Biodiversity of Coleoptera 337
Patrice Bouchard, Andrew B. T. Smith, Hume Douglas, Matthew L. Gimmel, Adam J. Brunke and Kojun Kanda
11.1 Overview of Extant Taxa 344
11.2 Overview of Fossil Taxa 357
11.3 Societal Benefits and Risks 357
11.4 Threatened Beetles 394
11.5 Conclusions 395
Acknowledgments 395
References 395
12 Biodiversity of Hymenoptera 419
John T. Huber
12.1 Evolution and Higher Classification 422
12.2 Numbers of Species and Individuals 426
12.3 Morphological and Biological Diversity 428
12.4 Importance to Humans 430
12.5 Ecological Importance 431
12.6 Conservation 432
12.7 Fossils 432
12.8 Collecting, Preservation, and Study Techniques 433
12.9 Taxonomic Diversity 436
12.10 Summary and Conclusions 445
Acknowledgments 446
References 446
13 Diversity and Significance of Lepidoptera: A Phylogenetic Perspective 463
Paul Z. Goldstein
13.1 Relevance of Lepidoptera: Science 464
13.2 Relevance of Lepidoptera: Society 465
13.3 Diversity and Diversification: A Clarification of Numbers and Challenges 466
13.4 State of Lepidopteran Systematics and Phylogenetics 467
13.5 General Overview 468
13.6 Needs and Challenges for Advancing Lepidopteran Studies 488
Acknowledgments 489
References 489
Part III Insect Biodiversity: Tools and Approaches 497
14 The Science of Insect Taxonomy: Prospects and Needs 499
Quentin D. Wheeler and Kelly B. Miller
14.1 The What and Why of Taxonomy 500
14.2 Insect Taxonomy: Missions and "Big Questions" 509
14.3 Insect Taxonomy's Grand Challenge Questions 510
14.4 Transforming Insect Taxonomy 513
14.5 Insect Taxonomy: Needs and Priorities 514
14.6 Accelerating Descriptive Taxonomy 517
14.7 Beware Sirens of Expediency 521
14.8 Conclusions 522
References 522
15 Insect Species - Concepts and Practice 527
Michael F. Claridge
15.1 Early Species Concepts - Linnaeus 528
15.2 Biological Species Concepts 529
15.3 Phylogenetic Species Concepts 533
15.4 Species Concepts and Speciation - a Digression? 534
15.5 Insect Species - Practical Problems 535
15.6 Conclusions 540
References 540
16 Molecular Dimensions of Insect Taxonomy in the Genomics Era 547
Amanda Roe, Julian Dupuis and Felix Sperling
16.1 Opportunities in Insect Taxonomy 547
16.2 Genomic Methods 553
16.3 General Challenges and Considerations 556
16.4 Conclusions 560
References 561
17 DNA Barcodes and Insect Biodiversity 575
John-James Wilson, Kong-Wah Sing, Robin M. Floyd and Paul D. N. Hebert
17.1 Species Concepts and Recognition 576
17.2 DNA Barcoding Methodology 577
17.3 Basal Hexapod Orders 578
17.4 Archaeognatha (Bristletails) and Zygentoma (Silverfish) 580
17.5 Odonata (Dragonflies) 580
17.6 Ephemeroptera (Mayflies) 580
17.7 Orthoptera (Grasshoppers) 580
17.8 Phasmatodea (Walking Sticks), Embioptera (Webspinners), Grylloblattodea (Icecrawlers), and Mantophasmatodea (Gladiators) 581
17.9 Plecoptera (Stoneflies) and Dermaptera (Earwigs) 581
17.10 Mantodea (Mantids) 581
17.11 Blattodea (Cockroaches) and Isoptera (Termites) 581
17.12 Psocoptera (Booklice) and Phthiraptera (Lice) 581
17.13 Thysanoptera (Thrips) and Hemiptera (True Bugs) 582
17.14 Hymenoptera (Wasps) 582
17.15 Strepsiptera (Twisted-wing Parasites) 582
17.16 Coleoptera (Beetles) 582
17.17 Neuroptera (Lacewings), Megaloptera (Dobsonflies), and Raphidioptera (Snakeflies) 583
17.18 Trichoptera (Caddisflies) 583
17.19 Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths) 583
17.20 Diptera (Flies) 584
17.21 Siphonaptera (Fleas) and Mecoptera (Scorpionflies) 584
17.22 Conclusions 584
Acknowledgments 585
References 585
18 Insect Biodiversity Informatics 593
Norman F. Johnson
18.1 Biodiversity Data 594
18.2 Technical Infrastructure 595
18.3 Standards 597
18.4 Current Status and Impediments to Progress 599
18.5 Prospects 600
Acknowledgments 601
References 601
19 Parasitoid Biodiversity and Insect Pest Management 603
John Heraty
19.1 What Is a Parasitoid? 604
19.2 Biodiversity and Success of Insect Parasitoids 605
19.3 Systematics, Parasitoids, and Pest Management 612
19.4 Summary 617
Acknowledgments 618
References 618
20 The Taxonomy of Crop Pests: The Aphids 627
Gary L. Miller and Robert G. Foottit
20.1 Historical Background 627
20.2 Economic Importance and Early Taxonomy 628
20.3 Early Aphid Studies - A North American Example 628
20.4 Recognizing Aphid Species 631
20.5 The Focus Becomes Finer 632
20.6 Adventive Aphid Species 633
20.7 Conclusions 634
References 634
21 Adventive (Non-Native) Insects and the Consequences for Science and Society of Species that Become Invasive
Alfred G. Wheeler, Jr and E. Richard Hoebeke
21.1 Terminology 642
21.2 Distributional Status: Native or Adventive? 643
21.3 Global Transport: Pathways and Vectors 645
21.4 Early History of Adventive Insects in North America 648
21.5 Numbers, Taxonomic Composition, and Geographic Origins of Adventive Insects 649
21.6 Impact of Adventive Insects 653
21.7 Economic Considerations: Agriculture, Forestry, and Horticulture 658
21.8 Implications for Animal and Human Health 661
21.9 Ecological Impacts 663
21.10 Biological Control 667
21.11 Biological Invasions and Global Climate Change 670
21.12 Systematics, Biodiversity, and Adventive Species 671
21.13 Concluding Thoughts 671
Acknowledgments 674
References 675
22 Biodiversity of Blood-sucking Flies: Implications for Humanity 713
Peter H. Adler
22.1 Numbers and Estimates 714
22.2 Overview of Blood-sucking Flies and Diseases 717
22.3 Rationale for Biodiversity Studies of Blood-sucking Flies 725
22.4 Biodiversity Exploration 727
22.5 Societal Consequences of Disregarding Biodiversity 729
22.6 Present and Future Concerns 730
22.7 Conclusions 733
Acknowledgments 734
References 734
23 Reconciling Ethical and Scientific Issues for Insect Conservation 747
Michael J. Samways
23.1 Valuing Nature 749
23.2 Insects and Ecosystems 755
23.3 Two Challenges 758
23.4 Synthesizing Deeper Values and Practical Issues 759
23.5 Summary 760
Acknowledgments 760
References 760
24 Taxonomy and Management of Insect Biodiversity 767
Ke Chung Kim
24.1 Insect Biodiversity 768
24.2 Biodiversity Loss and Humanity 769
24.3 Biodiversity and Taxonomy 770
24.4 Biodiversity Inventory and Ecology 772
24.5 Backyard Biodiversity and Sustainability 774
24.6 Taxonomic Bottlenecks in Managing Insect Biodiversity 775
24.7 Advancing the Science of Insect Biodiversity 776
References 777
25 Insect Biodiversity - Millions and Millions 783
May Berenbaum
Acknowledgments 789
References 791
Index 793
ROBERT G. FOOTTIT is a research scientist specializing in the taxonomy of aphids and related groups, with the Canadian National Collection of Insects and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. His research interests include the use of morphological and molecular approaches in the study of aphid species and populations.
PETER H. ADLER is a professor of entomology at Clemson University, where he holds a teaching and research appointment, specializing in the behavior, ecology, genetics, and systematics of insects, particularly butterflies and medically important flies.
PETER H. ADLER is a professor of entomology at Clemson University, where he holds a teaching and research appointment, specializing in the behavior, ecology, genetics, and systematics of insects, particularly butterflies and medically important flies.
