Mass Spectrometry in Polymer Chemistry

Introduction

MASS ANALYSIS
Introduction
Measures of Performance
Instrumentation
Instrumentation in Tandem and Multiple-Stage Mass Spectrometry
Conclusions and Outlook

IONIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR POLMYER MASS SPECTROMETRY
Introduction
Small Molecule Ionization Era
Macromass Era of Ionization
Modern Era of Ionization Techniques
Conclusions

TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS OF POLYMER STRUCTURES AND ARCHITECTURES
Introduction
Activation Methods
Instrumentation
Structural Information from MS2 Studies
Summary and Outlook

MATRIX-ASSISTED INLET IONIZATION AND SOLVENT-FREE GAS-PHASE SEPARATION USING ION MOBILITY SPECTROMETRY FOR IMAGING AND ELECTRON TRANSFER DISSOCIATION MASS SPECTROMETRY OF POLYMERS
Overview
Introduction
New Sample Introduction Technologies
Fragmentation by ETD and CID
Surface Analyses by Imaging MS
Future Outlook

POLYMER MALDI SAMPLE PREPARATION
Introduction
Roles of the Matrix
Choice of Matrix
Choice of the Solvent
Basic Solvent-Based Sample Preparation Recipe
Deposition Methods
Solvent-Free Sample Preparation
The Vortex Method
Matrix-to-Analyte Ratio
Salt-to-Analyte Ratio
Chromatography as Sample Preparation
Problems in MALDI Sample Preparation
Predicting MALDI Sample Preparation
Conclusions

SURFACE ANALYSIS AND IMAGING TECHNIQUES
Imaging Mass Spectrometry
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI)
Other Surface Mass Spectrometry Methods
Outlook

HYPHENATED TECHNIQUES
Introduction
Polymer Separation Techniques
Principles of Coupling: Transfer Devices
Examples
Conclusions

AUTOMATED DATA PROCESSING AND QUANTIFICATION IN POLMYER MASS SPECTROMETRY
Introduction
File and Data Formats
Optimization of Ionization Conditions
Automated Spectral Analysis and Data Reduction in MS
Copolymer Analysis
Data Interpretation in MS/MS
Quantitative MS and the Determination of MMDs by MS
Conclusions and Outlook

COMPREHENSIVE COPOLYMER CHARACTERIZATION
Introduction
Scope
Reviews
Soft Ionization Techniques
Separation Prior MS
Tandem MS (MS/MS)
Quantitative MS
Copolymers for Biological or (Bio)medical Application
Software Development
Summary and Outlook

ELUCIDATION OF REACTION MECHANISMS: CONVENTIONAL RADICAL POLYMERIZATION
Introduction
Basic Principles and General Considerations
Initiation
Propagation
Termination
Chain Transfer
Emulsion Polymerization
Conclusion

ELUCIDATION OF REACTION MECHANISMS AND POLYMER STRUCTURE: LIVING/CONTROLLED RADICAL POLYMERIZATION
Protocols Based on a Persistent Radical Effect (NMP, ATRP, and Related)
Protocols Based on Degenerative Chain Transfer (RAFT, MADIX)
Protocols Based on CCT
Novel Protocols and Minor Protocols
Conclusions

ELUCIDATON OF REACTION MECHANISMS: OTHER POLYMERIZATION MECHANISMS
Introduction
Ring-Opening Polymerization Mechanisms of Cyclic Ethers
Ring-Opening Polymerization Mechanisms of Cyclic Ethers and Carbonates
Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization
Mechanisms of Step-Growth Polymerization
Concluding Remarks

POLYMER DEGRADATION
Introduction
Thermal and Thermo-Oxidative Degradation
Photolysis and Photooxidation
Biodegradation
Other Degradation Processes
Conclusions

OUTLOOK

Christopher Barner-Kowollik is currently Full Professor of Macromolecular Chemistry at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany.
He has published more than 260 peer-reviewed research papers and eleven book chapters. He serves or has served as a member of nine editorial boards of leading peer-reviewed journals and edited the "Handbook of RAFT Polymerization" (2008, Wiley-VCH). Awards he has received for his research include the Edgeworth-David Medal of the Royal Society of Australia and the Rennie Medal of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute.

Till Gruendling is currently working as analytical chemist and lab team leader at BASF. His work involves the application and development of state-of-the-art mass spectrometric techniques for analytical problem solving in diverse areas of in industrial chemistry. He completed his PhD at the University of New South Wales under the supervision of Christopher Barner-Kowollik, Michael Guilhaus and Brynn Hibbert. Till Gruendling has published fourteen peer-reviewed research papers and has presented his work at international conferences.

Jana Falkenhagen studied chemistry at the Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg. She received a Dr. rer. nat. from the Technical University of Berlin, Germany. She was strongly involved in the development of two-dimensional chromatography of polymers and its launching in industry. Her main field of research at the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) is the development of hyphenated coupling methods (LC-MALDI/ESI) for the characterization of complex polymers and copolymers.
Jana Falkenhagen is author and co-author of numerous peer-reviewed papers, 4 book chapters and holds one patent.

Steffen M. Weidner is head of the Polymer Analysis Group at the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM). He received his Dr. rer nat. at the Technical University of Berlin in 1996. He has published 55 peer-reviewed research papers and 3 book chapters. His particular interest is focused on the application of MALDI-TOF MS of synthetic polymers by developing suitable hyphenated chromatography approaches for efficient reduction of complexity. For the last 15 years, he is chairperson of the annual German workshop on polymer analysis by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.

C. Barner-Kowollik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany; T. Gruendling, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany; J. Falkenhagen, Federal Institute for Material Research & Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany; S. Weidner, Federal Institute for Material Research & Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany