Vacuum Technology in the Chemical Industry
1. Edition November 2014
392 Pages, Hardcover
120 Pictures
Handbook/Reference Book
Short Description
Based on the successful German version, this edition has been thoroughly revised to reflect the developments of the last decade. It supplies both the physical fundamentals as well as a hands-on approach for applications in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry.
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Further versions
Based on the very successful German edition and a seminar held by the German Engineers` Association (VDI) on a regular basis for years now, this English edition has been thoroughly updated and revised to reflect the latest developments. It supplies in particular the special aspects of vacuum technology, applied vacuum pump types and vacuum engineering in the chemical, pharmaceutical and process industry application-segments. The text includes chapters dedicated to latest European regulations for operating in hazardous zones with vacuum systems, methods for process pressure control and regulation and leak detection.
All of the authors work or did work at a selection of the most important German companies involved in vacuum technology, and their expertise is disseminated here for engineers working in vacuum technology, chemical process design, plant operation, and mechanical engineering.
Introduction
Fundamentals of Vacuum Technology
CONDENSATION UNDER VACUUM
What Is Condensation?
Condensation under Vacuum without Inert
Condensation with Inert Gases
Saturated Inert Gas - Vapour Mixtures
Vapour - Liquid Equilibrium
Types of Condensers
Heat Transfer and Condensation Temperature in a Surface Condenser
Vacuum Control in Condensers
Installation of Condensers
Special Condenser Types
LIQUID RING VACUUM PUMPS IN INDUSTRIAL PROCESS APPLICATIONS
Design and Functional Principle of Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps
Operating Behaviour and Design of Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps
Vibration and Noise Emission with Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps
Selection of Suitable Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps
Process Connection and Plant Construction
Main Damage Symptoms
Table of Symbols
STEAM JET VACUUM PUMPS
Design and Function of a Jet Pump
Operating Behaviour and Characteristic
Cntrol of Jet Compresors
Multi-Stage Steam Jet Vacuum Pumps
Comparison of Steam, Air and Other Motive Media
MECHANICAL VACUUM PUMPS
Introduction
The Different Types of Mechanical Vacuum Pumps
When Using Various Vacuum Pump Designs in the Chemical or Pharmaceutical Process Industry, the Following Must Be Observed
BASICS OF THE EXPLOSION PROTECTION AND SAFETY-TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS ON VACUUM PUMPS FOR MANUFACTURERS AND OPERATING COMPANIES
Introduction
Explosion Protection
Directive 99/92/EC
Directive 94/9/EC
Summary
MEASUREMENT METHODS FOR GROSS AND FINE VACUUM
Pressure Units and Vacuum Ranges
Directly and Indirectly Measuring Vacuum Gauges and Their Measurement Ranges
Hydrostatic Manometers
Mechanical and Electromechanical Vacuum Gauges
LEAK DETECTION METHODS
Definition of Leakage Rates
Acceptable Leakage Rate of Chemical Plants
Methods of Leak Detection
Helium as a Tracer Gas
Leak Detection of Systems in the Medium-Vacuum Range
Leak Detection on Systems in the Rough Vacuum Range
Leak Detection and Signal Rsponse Time
Properties and Specifications of Helium Leak Detectors
Helium Leak Detection in Industrial Rough Vacuum Applications without Needs of a Mass Spectrometer
VACUUM CRYSTALLISATION
Introduction
Crystallisation Theory for Practice
Types of Crystallisers
Periphery
Process Particularities
Example - Crystallisation of Sodium Chloride
WHY EVAPORATION UNDER VACUUM?
Introduction
Thermodynamics of Evaporation
Pressure/Vacuum Evaporation Comparison
Possibility of Vapour Utilization
EVAPORATORS FOR COARSE VACUUM
Introduction
Criteria for the Selection of an Evaporator
Evaporator Types
BASICS OF DRYING TECHNOLOGY
Basics of Solids-Liquid Separation Technology
Basics of Drying Technology
Discontinuous Vacuum Drying
Continuous Vacuum Drying
Dryer Designs
VACUUM TECHNOLOGY BED
Introduction to Fluidized Bed Technology
Vacuum Fluidized Bed Technology
PHARMACEUTICAL FREEZE-DRYING SYSTEMS
General Information
Phases of a Freeze-Drying Process
Production Freeze-Drying Systems
Final Comments
SHORT PATH AND MOLECULAR DISTILLATION
Introduction
Some History
Outlook
RECTIFICATION UNDER VACUUM
Fundamentals of Distillation and Rectification
Vacuum Rectification Design
Structured Packings for Vacuum Rectification
VACUUM CONVEYING OF POWDERS AND BULK MATERIALS
Introduction
Basic Theory
Principle Function and Design of a Vacuum Conveying System
Continuous Vacuum Conveying
Reactor- and Stirring Vessel Loading in the Chemical Industry
Conveying, Weighing, Dosing and Big-Bag Filling and Discharging
Application Parameters
VACUUM FILTRATION - SYSTEM AND EQUIPMENT TECHNOLOGY, RANGE AND EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONS, DESIGNS
Vacuum Filtration, a Mechanical Separation Process
Design of an Industrial Vacuum Filter Station
Methods of Continuous Vacuum Filtration, Types of Design and Examples of Appplication
Index
